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PHYL2062 EOS > Cardiovascular L1: Introduction into CVS- General properties of the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular L1: Introduction into CVS- General properties of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is the ______ system of the bod

A

transport

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2
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system so important? List 4 reasons.

A
  1. it transports O2 and nutrients to tissues
  2. it helps remove waste products (e.g. CO2) from the body
  3. it spreads hormones around the body
  4. it helps maintain body temperature by shifting heat around the body
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3
Q

The heart is a ______ pump? What does this mean?

A

dual

  • The heart is divided into right and left halves which act as separate pumps, but pump simultaneously
  • Each side has two chambers and two valves
  • Each side pumps same volume of blood
  • Septum prevents mixture of blood between two sides
    • Divides the heart
  • Heart muscle on the left side is thicker (higher pressure) than the muscle on the right side, right side pumps with lower pressure than the left side
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4
Q

The heart is divided into right and left halves which act as _____ pumps, but pump ________.

A

separate; simultaneously

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5
Q

Each side of the heart has ____ chambers and ____ valves

A

2; 2

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6
Q

Each side pumps _____ (same/different) volume of blood. If different, what is the ratio?

A

same

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7
Q

______ divides the heart and prevents mixture of blood between two sides.

A

septum

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8
Q

Heart muscle on the left side is _______ (thicker/thinner) (____ (higher/lower) pressure) than the muscle on the right side, right side pumps with ___ (higher/lower) pressure than the left side

A

thicker; higher; lower

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9
Q

Since the left ventricular wall is much thicker than the right, what does that mean?

A
  • Pressure generated in left ventricle during contraction (systole) ~120mmHg
    • Can be even more when exercising
  • Pressure generated in right ventricle during contraction ~30mmHg
    • About ¼ of the pressure on the left side
    • L side is very muscular can can tolerate more pressure
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10
Q

What are the 2 blood circuits that the blood must go through?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation
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11
Q

What occurs during the pulmonary circulation?

A

Sends deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs

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12
Q

What occurs during the systemic circulation?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs, sends it from heart to rest of the body

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13
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the heart and the blood flow pathway?

A
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14
Q

When measuring what the heart is doing, what is ‘cardiac output’?

A
  • volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute (same for both sides)
  • indicates blood flow through peripheral tissues
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15
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output? What is the value for normal cardiac output at rest?

A

Heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat) = Cardiac output (CO)

  • Each ventricle, at rest: 72 bpm x 70 ml = 5040 ml/min (5L/min for each side)
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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

how much blood leaves the heart (each contraction)

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17
Q

How else could we control blood flow around the body? (apart from cardiac output)

A

By controlling resistance (changing diameter/size) in the blood vessels (e.g. make them bigger or smaller)

  • Bigger: more blood flow
  • Smaller: less blood flow
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18
Q

When the diameter of a vessel gets bigger, what does that do to the resistance and blood flow?

A
  • Decrease resistance
  • More blood flow
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19
Q

When the diameter of a vessel gets smaller, what does that do to the resistance and blood flow?

A
  • Increase resistance
  • Less blood flow
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20
Q

Why does this process of changing diameters of a vessel (vasodilation and vasoconstriction) occur?

A
  • Body needs different amounts of blood
  • Eg. exercise- muscles need more blood than normal (normal- without CO2 increase)
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21
Q

The rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system is dependent on 2 things. What are they?

A
  • The activity of the heart (cardiac output)
  • The resistance to blood blow (vessel diameter)

The heart has to generate enough pressure to overcome resistance to blood flow

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22
Q

How do arterioles determine blood flow to tissues?

A

Arterioles are most resistant (muscular); heart must overcome resistance

Vasocontriction and vasodilation

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23
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

increased contraction of circular smooth muscle in wall, increased resistance and decreased flow

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24
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

decreased contraction (relaxes) of circular smooth muscle in wall, decreased resistance and increased flow

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25
Q

What is the distribution of blood volume in general circulation?

A

Total blood volume = 5 litres

~7% of bodyweight in women,

~8% in men

26
Q

Why is the most distribution of blood volume in the systemic veins?

A

Veins are compliant (ability to stretch and hold a greater volume) because of their thin walls which are able to stretch

  • Act as a reservoir of blood- if needed
27
Q

What is the number of arteries in the body?

A

Several hundred

28
Q

What are the 3 features of arteries?

A
  1. Thick
  2. highly elastic walls (for recoil)
  3. large radius
29
Q

What are the 2 functions of arteries

A
  1. Passage to tissues
  2. pressure reservoir
30
Q

Arteries have _____ (high/low resistance) (large), _____ (high/low) pressure and _____ (high/low) volume

A

low; high; low

31
Q

What is the number of arterioles in the body?

A

0.5 million

32
Q

What are the 3 features of arterioles?

A
  1. Highly muscular
  2. well-innervated walls
  3. small radius
33
Q

What are the 2 functions of arterioles?

A
  1. Resistance vessels
  2. determine blood flow to tissues
34
Q

Arterioles have “Microcirculation” (microvasculature; prone to damage), ________ (High variable/low) resistance, _____ (large/small) drop in pressure, _______ (high/low) volume

A

high variable; large; low

35
Q

Arterioles and capillaries have “microcirculation” (microvasculature; prone to damage), ________ (High variable/low) resistance, _____ (large/small) drop in pressure, _______ (high/low) volume

A

high variable; large; low

36
Q

What are the 3 features of capillaries?

A
  1. Very thin walls
  2. large total cross sectional area
  3. very small radius
37
Q

What are the 2 functions of the capillaries?

A
  1. Site of exchange
  2. balance ECF between plasma and interstitial fluid
38
Q

What is the number of veins in the body?

A

Several hundred

39
Q

What are the 3 features of veins?

A
  1. Thin walled
  2. highly distensible
  3. large radius
40
Q

What are the 2 functions of veins?

A
  1. Passage from tissues to heart
  2. blood reservoir
41
Q

Veins have ____ (high/low) resistance (large), ____ (high/low) pressure (able to stretch) and _____(high/low) volume

A

low; low; high

42
Q

For blood flow across the systemic circulation, velocity of flow is _____ (proportional/ inversely proportional) to total cross-sectional area

A

inversely proportional

  • Blood flow is the same
  • Velocity is different
  • Where cross-sectional area is higher, velocity is slower
43
Q

Give an example of what happens in capillaries in regards to blood flow?

A

Small CSA = high velocity

44
Q

Give an example of how what happens in arteries in regards to blood flow?

A

Large CSA = high velocity

45
Q

How does blood pressure vary across the cardiac cycle?

A
46
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

120 mmHg

  • End of contraction
47
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

80mmHg

  • End of relaxation (before heart starts to contract again)
48
Q

How does blood pressure vary across circulation?

A
49
Q

How do arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

A

Elastic properties of arteries help to maintain blood flow

50
Q

How can blood pressure be measured indirectly?

A

sphygmomanometer

  • Inflatable cuff with pressure gauge
  • Cuff compresses brachial artery
  • Measures systolic and diastolic pressure
  • Uses stethoscope = hear blood flow = only picks up when turbulent flow (must be compressed- to increase pressure)
51
Q

For a sphygmomanometer, what are 2 situations when sound cannot be heard?

A
  1. No blood is flowing (occluded artery)
  2. Blood is flowing smoothly (‘laminar’ flow)
52
Q

For a sphygmomanometer, what is the situation when sound can be heard?

A

Blood flow is turbulent (partially occluded artery) =Korotkoff sounds

53
Q

For a sphygmomanometer, what is the situation when there is no flow of blood?

A
  • Cuff is inflated
    • Cuff pressure > arterial pressure
  • Artery is completely occluded
  • No sound as no flow
54
Q

For a sphygmomanometer, what is the situation when there is turbulent flow?

A
  • Cuff Pressure reduced until first sound is heard
    • Systolic pressure!
    • Blood passes through turbulently when arterial pressure transiently exceeds cuff pressure (ie with each pulse) Artery is open a bit but blood must squeeze through
55
Q

For a sphygmomanometer, what is the situation when there is lamina flow?

A
  • No sound heard when cuff pressure < diastolic pressure
  • Last sound heard is at diastolic pressure
  • Blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure 120/80 mmHg indicates a healthy blood pressure
56
Q

What is the purpose of using a sphygmomanometer?

A

To know the health of the CVS

57
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

  • Eg 120 – 80 = 40 mmHg relates to stroke volume
58
Q

How does pulse pressure relate to stroke volume?

A

An increase in stroke volume with increase pulse pressure (proportional)

59
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A
  • Average blood pressure in the arteries
  • Closer to diastolic pressure, because heart spends longer in diastole
60
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure? What is MAP in a healthy individual?

A

Mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

  • Healthy individual (120/80): 80 mmHg + (1/3) 40 = 93 mmHg
61
Q

What does the body use to regulate blood pressure? What does it not use?

A
  • arterial pressure (will change depending on systolic or diastolic)
  • not systolic or diastolic pressure

PHYL2062 EOS (13 decks)

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