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Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Renaissance?

A

1450A.D-1750A.D

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2
Q

When was the printing press invented?

A

1451

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3
Q

What did the printing press lead to lead to?

A

It led to people re-translating Galen’s and Hippocrates work and realising he encouraged investigation and experimentation.

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4
Q

What did Renaissance mean.

A

It is the french word for re-birth.

It was a re-birth or learning and is often said to be the start of the “modern age”.

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5
Q

Who was Vesalius?

A

He was a professor of surgery in an Italian university and performed live dissections.
He was Belgian but studied in Paris were he studied Galen

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6
Q

Why was he scared to publish his first book about how Galen was wrong?

A

Because people believe in it so much and he was scared of receiving backlash.

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7
Q

What was the fabric of the human body?

A

A book written by Vesalius about anatomy that proved Galen wrong.

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8
Q

What happened after Vesalius published his book?

A

He got fired from his Job. However his became very popular in England and became doctor to Emperor Charles V.

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9
Q

When was the Fabric of the human published?

A

1543

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10
Q

Who was Pare?

A

1.He was a French battlefield surgeon who translated Vesalius’ work.

2.He had written which made them
spread more quickly.

3.It was then given to the library of barber surgeons 1591.

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11
Q

What did Pare discover by CHANCE?

A

He made a herbal mixture instead of burning close wounds.

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12
Q

What is Cauterising?

A

Using hot boiling oil or a red hot iron rod heated in fire to close open wounds.

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13
Q

What other treatment did Pare use but what did this lead to?

A

He replaced cauterising with a less painful method. He used silk thread to tie of blood vessels and open wounds.
This increased the rate of infection.

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14
Q

Who was William Harvey?

A

He was an English doctor that proved that Galen was wrong. He became Physicians to James I and Charles I

He discovered the circulation of blood and realised that the heart was a pump.

He did this by using cold blooded animal such as frogs to show the heart beating.

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15
Q

Why was Harvey scared to publish his findings?

A

Because he was scared people would oppose him.

Also because he could not fully understand circulation and explain why the blood was different colours

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16
Q

Who was John Hunter?

A

He was a doctor that had a 3000 specimens museum to help educate the public on anatomy.

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17
Q

What did John Hunter discover?

A

In 1785 he had a patient with a swollen blood clot. Instead of amputating it he realised he could cut off the swollen blood to stop it from bleeding:

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18
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A swollen blood clot.

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19
Q

What did King Henry VIII introduce to barber surgeons?

A

In 1540 Henry VII allowed a company of barber surgeons to form, which started to give out qualifications.
This was encouraged by the College of Physicians.

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20
Q

What did surgeons want?

A

They wanted to be recognised as higher so there was an act of Parliament created and made the ‘company of surgeons’.

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21
Q

Who treated illnesses?

A
  1. Doctors
  2. Barber surgeons
  3. Apothecaries
  4. Quack doctors
  5. Herbals
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22
Q

What was an apothecaries?

A

Someone who have little to no medical training but sold herbal remedies and potions.

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23
Q

What is a quack doctor?

A

Showy travel salesmen who sold medicines that could “cure everything”.
They were disliked by Barber surgeons and doctors for taking customers.

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24
Q

What were herbals?

A

The printing press enabled poor people to collect books on herbal remedies.

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25
Q

What was The Great Plague?

A

One of the last major epidemics of the Black Death or bubonic plague to occur to England.

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26
Q

When was the Great Plague?

A

1665-1666.

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27
Q

How many people died during the Great plague?

A

100,000 people died in London. 1/4 of the population.

28
Q

How did people try and treat the Great plague’.

A

They tried using the 4 humours
Leeching
Bleeding etc

They tried soaking sponges in vinegar.

William Boghurst suggested cutting up puppies and applying them to buboes while they were still warm.

Burning the air to keep away poisoned air

29
Q

How do they try to prevent the great Plague?

A

They tried running away to the country side. For example, King Charles II moved to Oxford.

30
Q

What was the Bills of Morality?

A

This was when the government made local areas keep record of what illnesses people died from.

31
Q

What did the bills of Morality lead to?

A

It led them to see people in overcrowded and dirty areas died more.

32
Q

What else do they realise about the great plague?

A

That it was infectious but they still did not know what it meant so they thought it was miasma.

33
Q

What precautions did they take during the great plague?

A
  1. They put white crosses on the door of people who were sick and had watchmen to see if they came out.
  2. They buried bodies six feet underground at night.
  3. Big fires were lit in crowded areas to burn poisons in
    the air.
  4. Trading between towns was banned.
34
Q

What was smallpox?

A

The biggest epidemic in the 1700s.

35
Q

What treatments did they try?

A

They tried inoculation

36
Q

What was inoculation?

A

It was when when they tried to give you a weak dose of the disease hoping you caught it mildly.

37
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

A family country doctor who found a vaccine for smallpox by CHANCE.

38
Q

How did he find it?

A

He had a milkmaid come to him with cowpox come to him saying that she was happy that she got cowpox as now she would get smallpox.

39
Q

What did this lead him to.

A

It lead him to realise that you could use cowpox to prevent smallpox

40
Q

What did he name this?

A

He named it “Vacca” as it meant cow.

41
Q

How many times did he test this?

A

16 times and it worked each time.

42
Q

Why was he opposed?

A
  1. Because he couldn’t explain how it worked
  2. Some said he was opposing God
  3. Doctors were losing money
  4. Doctors were using the same needle for each patient spreading illness.
43
Q

When did Jenner publish his work?

A

In 1798

44
Q

When did Jenner overcome opposition?

A

When the royal family got vaccinated.

45
Q

When did the royal family get vaccinated?

A

In 1802.

46
Q

How much did parliament give Edward Jenner to open a vaccination clinic?

A

£10,000

47
Q

When did it become compulsory to be vaccinated?

A

In 1853.

48
Q

When did smallpox become eradicated?

A

1980

49
Q

What did this enable?

A

More dissections and more training in universities.

50
Q

Who built hospitals in the Renaissance?

A

Rich people to seem like good Christians and go to heaven.

51
Q

Who built Guys hospital?

A

A wealthy merchant called Thomas Guy.

52
Q

Since the church were no longer powerful what did this lead to?

A

It led to actual doctors and physicians being in hospitals meaning that they actually tried to treat patients and used natural treatments.

53
Q

What did them realising infection was a thing?

A

Even though they did not know what infection really was or how to describe it, it led them to creating different wards for different illnesses.

54
Q

How may people were treated?

A

20,000 people we treated a year which was an increase from the medieval.

55
Q

Did patients still share beds?

A

No in the Renaissance there were far more beds and no more sharing.

56
Q

Why did the Catholic church not have as much power in the Renaissance period as it did in the medieval times?

A

This was because during the reformation protestant Christianity spread across Europe, reducing the influence of the Catholic church.

While religion was still important the Catholic church did not have so much control over medical teaching.

57
Q

What were some of the consequences of the Renaissance?

A

Explorations- explores and merchants used more accurate maps, discovering new land (such as the Americas) and bringing back new foods and medicines.

New inventions- such as gunpowder causing new types of wounds leading to more medical research.

Printing- New ideas spread quickly

Art- There was a re-birth of ideas.

New learning- a more scientific approach to learning

58
Q

How was Henry VIII closing down monasteries a negative at first but an overall benefit?

A

At first, when he closed them there was a large closure in hospitals as many of the hospitals at the time were set up by the Catholic church. This sudden loss of hospitals was not good for the health of the public.

But then after some time, the monastic hospitals were gradually being replaced by some free hospitals which were paid for by charitable donations.

These hospitals unlike the monastic ones were run by trained physicians.

59
Q

What was it called when Henry VIII closed down monasteries?

A

dissolution of monasteries

60
Q

How were there improvements in medical knowledge of doctors?

A

Many doctors in the Renaissance trained at ‘The College of Physicians. They studied the work of Glen as well as recent medical developments and watched live disections.

For the first time due to the printing press, students could have their own textbooks and could read and question things for themselves.

61
Q

Why did Pare face opposition from other doctors and how did he overcome this?

A

Many doctors did not want to listen to him as they looked down on him for being a barber surgeon.
But this was overcome when he become surgeon for the King of France.

62
Q

What findings did Galen find out during his dissections?

A

The breastbone in a human being has three parts not seven as in an ape.

63
Q

What did Vesalius do for medicine?

A

Even though his work did not lead to any cures it was the basis for better treatment in the future.

He also showed people how to do proper dissections and inspired people to criticize things

64
Q

What the significance of Harvey’s discovery?

A

Even though his discovery was not immediately useful and blood transfusions did not happen until 1901.

It allows doctors today to quickly test and diagnose illness, and carry out advanced surgery such as organ transplants

65
Q

Who was Nicholas Culpeper?

A

An English doctor who believed more in the practical side of things and dismissed the value of dissections as it didn’t treat the patient.

He noted symptoms of Scarlett Fever and was one of the first to use Iron for anaemia.

He wrote a book called the complete herbal in 1653

66
Q

What book did John Hunter publish?

A

Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds 1794

History (6 decks)

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