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History > 19th Century > Flashcards

19th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Humphrey Davy discover?

A

He discovered nitrous oxide (laughing gas) Although he didn’t realise it was used to Numb pain.

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2
Q

What was the problem with laughing gas?

A

It made patients cough and move which wasn’t good during surgical procedures.

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3
Q

What alternative did William Clark come up with for laughing gas?

A

He discovered something called Ether to numb pain when removing teeth.

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4
Q

What was the drawback to Ether?

A

It was highly flammable and caused vomiting

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5
Q

When was laughing gas discovered?

A

1800

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6
Q

When was Ether used by William Clark?

A

1842

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7
Q

How did James Simpson discover chloroform by chance?

A

One day James Simpson and his friends were inhaling different types of chemicals and were found by his wife laying on the floor deep asleep as they had inhaled chloroform

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8
Q

When was chloroform developed?

A

1847

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9
Q

What did chloroform mean for surgery?

A

It’s meant that deep surgery is to be performed

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10
Q

Why were the death rates still high?

A
  1. infection

2. Overdose

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11
Q

What happened to Hannah greener and in what year?

A

In 1848 she overdosed with chloroform when she was getting an ingrowing toenail removed.

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12
Q

What made people oppose it less?

A

Queen Victoria used a chloroform inhaler when given birth to her eighth child in 1850.

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13
Q

What did Joseph Lister realise?

A

He realised that carbolic acid could be used to kill bacteria and germs.

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14
Q

What did Lister test it carbolic acid on?

A

In August 1865 he tried it on a boy with a broken and infected leg (previously his leg would be amputated but due to the carbolic acid he was cured in six weeks and could walk again.)

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15
Q

Why did people oppose chloroform?

A

Because not many people believed in the germ theory.

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16
Q

Who was Lewis Pastuer?

A

He discovered what germs were.

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17
Q

How did he find out what germs were?

A

He realised this when he was finding out why beer went sour.

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18
Q

Why did people not believe him?

A

They believed in the spontaneous generation theory.

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19
Q

What was the spontaneous generation theory?

A

The Theory that states that living things can be created from non living objects.

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20
Q

What made people believe in the spontaneous generation theory?

A

People believe this as when meat rots maggots appear.

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21
Q

How did Pasteur become more accepted?

A

A Famous physicist John Tyndall publicly defended him.

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22
Q

Who was Robert Koch?

A

He found a way of dying germs so it could be seen under a microscope easily.

23
Q

What did this help Koch to do?

A

It helped him Discover more specific germs such as Tuberculosis.

24
Q

What did Koch’s discoveries help Pasteur do?

A

It’s helped him find out why vaccines work

25
Q

How did Pasteur find this by chance?

A

One day by chance he had a stroke while holding Vials and jars of chicken cholera he realised that chickens that were injected with cholera (a dead vision) did not die.

26
Q

What did John Snow prove?

A

He proved that dirty water cause disease

27
Q

When did John snow discover that dirty water cause disease?

A

1854

28
Q

How many people died during the cholera outbreak in 1848

A

60,000

29
Q

How many people died during the cholera outbreak in 1854

A

20,000

30
Q

List of cholera outbreak’s

A

1832

1848

1854

31
Q

What caused the cholera outbreak on broad Street?

A

They realised that sewers seeped into water supplies.

32
Q

What did the Cattle plauge lead to?

A

When the government employed a scientist to find the cause of the castle plague he said that Pastuer was right and that it was caused by a germ.
This meant it he was more widely accepted.

33
Q

What does typhoid fever lead people to think cause the disease?

A

They believed it was caused by germs as a scientist in 1874 “Emanuel Klein believed that he found the typhoid microbe

34
Q

Who was Chadwick Bazellget?

A

he was employed by the government to look into the living conditions after a widespread of Cholera

35
Q

What did Chadwick tell the government when looking into cholera?

A

He said that there was a need for clean Streets and a better water supply.

36
Q

What did the government do?

A

They made the public health act in 1848 which was non-compulsory and as a result ended in 1854.

37
Q

What did the great stink cause?

A

It caused the government to take action as they believed Miasma caused disease.

38
Q

Why did they give Chadwick £3,000,000?

A

To rebuild London’s sewers which we still use today.

39
Q

What was the 1867 reform act

A

It’s meant workingman were given the vote which meant political parties had to promise to improve living conditions in order to get enough votes.

40
Q

What was the 1875 public health act?

A

It was the banning of back-to-back houses at the Conservative party had won the election after promising workingmen their living conditions would improve.

41
Q

When was nitrous oxide properly used and by who?

A

It was used 44 years later in 1844 by the American dentist Horace Wells when removing teeth.

42
Q

What did William Clark use Ether for and when?

A

In 1842 William Clark an American dentist used it for a tooth extraction. He also used it that same year to remove neck growth from one of his patients.

43
Q

What did William Morton use Ether for and when?

A

In 1846 hr gave a public demonstration of ether anesthesia.

44
Q

What did Robert Liston use Ether for and when?

A

In 1846 he used it for amputating a leg.

45
Q

Why was there opposition against anesthetics?

A

Surgeons were used to operating quickly and on conscious paitents.

Some army surgeons during the Crimean war (1853-56) said that soldiers should dutifully put up with pain.

Anesthetics were still not fully understood and patients died from it.

There were religious objections as some thought pain from e.g. childbirth was thought to be God’s will.

46
Q

What did contagionists believe?

A

That disease was spread by contact and could be controlled by quarantine.

47
Q

What did anti-contagionists believe?

A

That disease didn’t spread by touch and that it was caused by the environment

48
Q

Which doctor was a contagionist?

A

In 1864 surgeon Thomas Wells first suggested infection was non-chemical and referred to Pasteur’s discoveries.

49
Q

Which doctor was an anti-contagionist?

A

James Simpson wanted hospitals to be relocated or rebuilt as he felt that infection was in the walls or the atmosphere (miasma).

50
Q

What was the name of the experiment Pasteur

A

Swan neck flask experiment, he published his findings in 1861

51
Q

What were reactions to Lister’s work?

A

He published his results of 11 cases and explained his techniques publicising Pasteur’s germ theory along with it but people still believed in the spontaneous generation theory

52
Q

What were the cons of carbolic acid?

A

It caused the hands to dry, crack and bleed

53
Q

Why did carbolic acid not have any advances?

A

People would use it on their hands but still use their dirty clothes to operate.

54
Q

How were William Harvey and John Lister similar?

A

They both did not have conclusive proof despite the fact they had tested their theories multiple times.

They both published their findings and were both opposed as they questioned an established belief.

Harvey criticised Galen and Lister criticised the spontaneous generation theory

History (6 decks)

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