Renaissance 1500-1750AD

Question 1

What was the name of the Swiss doctor who publicly burned Galen’s books?what year?

Answer 1

1527 Paracelsus

Question 2

Progress of Andreas Versalius. (3)

Answer 2

• Galen’s work could no longer be accepted without question-he proved many of Galens ideas wrong unlike others who had no evidence to prove their disbelief in Galen.
• to learn about human anatomy they had to do dissections and not just read books.
• De humani corporis fabrica displayed accurately how bones fit together within the skeleton and that muscles had layers.

Question 3

Limitations of Versalius. (3)

Answer 3

• no closer to understanding causes of disease.
• ridiculed by other anatomy teachers at first until he done public dissections and proved them wrong.
• treatments weren’t improved as a result of causes.
• people were very reluctant to stop believing Galen and even claimed that the body itself had changed since Galen’s time so Galen’s reputation wasn’t really questioned.

Question 4

Progress of Harvey. (4)

Answer 4

• found blood moved in one direction and that valves helped this.
• the heart was a pump.
• helped with other discoveries I.e. Capillaries. And believed they existed but couldn’t prove it as strong enough microscopes had not been invented (they only had single lens microscopes).
• developed scientific method.

Question 5

Limitations of Harvey. (4)

Answer 5

• no rapid change-people didn’t want to leave Galen’s ideas
• bloodletting continued for year after his death.
• doctors couldn’t use the information for more effective treatments.
• didn’t help understand causes.
• blood transfusions were attempted but weren’t successful as blood groups were still unknown.
• most of his work was based on others so wasn’t completely original e.g. fabricius and also Erasitratos (a Greek Doctor) suggested the heart was a pump as far back as the Greek times.

Question 6

What factors affected Harvey’s discoveries? (4)

Answer 6

-lived in a more scientific age.
-versalius had already shown that Galen was wrong which made it easier for Harvey to do the same.
-Harvey was taught that there were valves that made blood only flow one way by Fabricus at Padua in 1600-02.
-lived at a time during water pumps which may have helped him develop his theory.
Government-he was a doctor to the King of England-both James I and Charles I.

Question 7

The death of Charles II(year).

Answer 7

Died 1685

Question 8

Treatments given to Charles II. (6)

Answer 8

• bloodletting at regular intervals.
• purgatives.
• an enema(injection I the rectum to empty bowels).
• shaving his hair and applying blistering agents to his head.
• pills to drain away the humours.
• medicine containing spirit of human skull and another with the oriental bezoar stone

Question 9

What year was the Royal society set up?

Answer 9

1660

Question 10

Who discovers germs?what year?

Answer 10

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1683. He called them animacules and didn’t realise that they caused disease.

Question 11

Causes. (1)

Answer 11

4 humours mainly believed and miasmas.

Question 12

Treatments. (4)

Answer 12

• Herbs
• bloodletting and purging
• prayers etc.
• visiting the King

Question 13

What many people visited the King and what for?

Answer 13

92000 to cure “kings evil” which was a skin condition called scrofula

Question 14

Public health. (1)

Answer 14

Same as the Middle Ages.

Question 15

What year did the plague return?

Answer 15

1665

Question 16

The 1665 plague. (5)

Answer 16

• Red Cross on the doors of the infected.
• appoint watchers to monitor quarantine homes.
• bodies buried 6ft under,at night with no visitation.
• stray dogs and cats killed (over 400000 dogs and 200000 cats killed).
• searchers to gather and examine dead bodies they would shut up the houses of the infected for 28 days.
• cutting pigeons in half and rubbing them on the boils!
• flagellants still as well as star monitoring,purging and charms.

Question 17

Training of Doctors. (4)

Answer 17

• same as the Middle Ages.
• More universities develop-Galen promoted.
• women banned from training.
• only the rich had doctors and they visited homes rather than hospitals.

Question 18

Hospitals. (3)

Answer 18

• Monasteries lost control so hospitals were shut down.
• more purpose built hospitals began to be built but were funded by charities as the kind wasn’t interested.
• slow to be built and small

Question 19

Others who treated the sick. (2)

Answer 19

• wise women,apothecaries and doctors for the rich.

- quacks-selling remedies which only made money and were tricks.

Question 20

Factors effecting development. (5)

Answer 20

• New technology (printing press 1454).
• the church was less powerful (Henry VIII changed England to a Protestant country-easier dissections).
• new art styles (more detailed and accurate depictions of the anatomy).
• individuals(versalius and harvey).
• more organised government.
• discovery of the New World by Columbus found new medicines.

Question 21

What artist done the illustrations for the fabric of the human body?what is the original name for the book?

Answer 21

John Stephen of Calcar.

De humani corporis fabrica

Question 22

What year did a Paduan Judge become interested in Vesalius’ work and provide him with the body of criminals to dissect?

Answer 22

1539

Question 23

What factors affected Vesalius’s work? (5)

Answer 23

Developments in Education-had education at leading universities in Europe like Padua.
Technology-printing press in 1454 spread his ideas quickly.
Science-used scientific methods to make his discoveries.
Government-had support from Emperor Charles V and worked for the imperial family
Religion-the church’s influence was dwindling allowing for easier access to bodies.

Question 24

What year did Harvey publish his book?what was it called?

Answer 24

1628-An anatomical study of the motion of the heart and of the blood in animals.

Question 25

How do we know of the cures used during the 1665 plague?

Answer 25

Because of the diary of Daniel Defoe who wrote a journal about the plague.