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CompTIA - Network+ > Remote Connectivity > Flashcards

Remote Connectivity Flashcards

1
Q

SONET

A

Synchronous Optical Network

  • WAN interconnections
  • vast majority of long-distance connections that make up the internet
  • most of the big long-distance optical pipes for the world are SONET rings
  • defines interface standards at the Physical and Data Link Layers
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2
Q

multiplexer

A
  • takes a circuit and combines it with a number of other circuits into one complex circuit
  • requires demultiplexer on the other end
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3
Q

modulation techiques

A

converting a digital signal to analog, or pushing an analog signal to a higher frequency

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4
Q

FDM

A

Frequency Division Multiplexing

- keeping each individiual signal in its own unique frequency range

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5
Q

Can digital or analog travel farther?

A

Digital, because you can use repeaters

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6
Q

T-carriers

A

digital trunk carriers used by the telephone industry

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7
Q

T1

A

T-carrier Level 1

  • T1 connection - the technology
  • T1 line - the specific wire
  • ends with RJ-48C
  • uses signaling method DS1 (digital signal 1)
  • no addressing necessary
  • 24 channels 1.544 Mbps
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8
Q

CSU/DSU

A

Channel Service Unit / Digital Service Unit

  • at end of T1 line
  • point-to-point, can only have 1 at each end
  • has atleast 2 connections, one to demarc, other to router
  • CSU - protects from lightning strikes, stores statistics, and has loopback function for testing
  • DSU - supplies timing to each user port, converts signals, encapsualtes frames
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9
Q

Connect 2 CSU/DSU boxes together

A

T1 Crossover Cable

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10
Q

TDM

A

Time Domain Multiplexing

- process of having frames that carry a portion of every channel in every frame sent on a regular interval

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11
Q

DS0

A

each 64-kbps channel in a DS1 signal

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12
Q

Fractional T1 Access

A

purchasing individual T1 channels

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13
Q

T3

A
  • 672 channels, 44.736 Mbps
  • sometimes called DS3
  • mainly used by regional phone companies and ISPs
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14
Q

E1

A

E-carrier Level 1

  • European format for digial transmissions
  • 32 channels, 2.048 Mbps
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15
Q

E3

A
  • 512 channels , 34.368 Mbps
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16
Q

HDLC

A

High level Data Link Control

- E1 and Sonnet use a derivative protocol as the control channel

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17
Q

OC standards

A

Optical Carrier Standards

  • denote the optical data-carrying capacity in bps of fiber-optic cables in SONET networks
  • speeds from 51.8 Mbps (OC-1)
  • to 39.8 Gpbs (OC-678)
  • can use WDM ro DWDM
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18
Q

WDM

A

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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19
Q

DWDM

A

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

- can create about 150 different signals

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20
Q

CWDM

A

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

- lower cost

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21
Q

STS Signal Method

A

Synchronous Transport Signal

  • used by Sonet
  • STS payload - data
  • STS Overhead - signal and protocol information
  • STS number will match OC number… ex OC-24 is STS-24
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22
Q

First packet-switching technology

A

X.25 or CCITT packet switching protocol
- enabled remote devices to communicate with each other across high-speed digital links without the expense of individual leased lines

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23
Q

packet switches

A

any machines that forwads and stoers packets using any type of packet-switching protocol

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24
Q

Frame Relay

A
  • efficient packet-switching standard
  • designed for use primarily with T-Carrier lines
  • works espeically well for off-again/on-again traffic typical of most LAN applications
  • works at layers 1 & 2 using frames rather than packets
  • switches frames quickly, but without any guarantee of data integrity
  • will discard frames if there is network congestion
  • replaced by MPLS
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25
Q

ATM

A

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

  • network technology designed for high-speed LANs
  • integrated voice, video and data on one connection using short and fixed-length frames called cells (53 bytes)
  • speeds from 155.52 to 622.08 Mbps
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26
Q

MPLS

A

Multiprotocol Label Switching

  • replacement for Frame Relay and ATM
  • adds an MPLS label that sits between the layer 2 header and the layer 3 information
  • avoids running IP packets through their full routing tables and instead use the header information to route packets quickly
  • MPLS routers use existing dynamic routing protocols to send each other messages about their overhead, enabling QoS to span an entire group of routers
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27
Q

MPLS header

A

label - unique identifier
exp - experimental bits - relative value used to determine the importance of the labeled packet for prioritization
S - Bottom of Label Stack - a single packet may have multiple MPLS labels, this single bit value is set to 1 for the first initial label
TTL - Time to Live - value that determines the number of hops the label can make before it’s eliminated

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28
Q

FEC

A

Forwarding Equivalence Class - a set of packets that can be sent to the same place, sunch as a single broadcast domain of computers connected to a router

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29
Q

LSR

A

Label Switching Router - looks for and forwards packets based on their MPLS label

30
Q

LER

A

Label Edge Router - MPLS router that adds MPLS labels to incoming packets that do not yet have a label, and strips labels off of outgoing packets

31
Q

LDP

A

LSRs and LERs use LDP to communicate dynamic information about their state

32
Q

PVC

A

Permanent Virtual Circuit

- VPN sold by ISPs

33
Q

Packet-switching vs circuit-switching

A

new networks use packet-switching, old networks use circuit switching

34
Q

Two reasons to use telephony WAN

A

get LAN on internet

make a private connection between two or more LANs

35
Q

BERT

A

Bit Error Rate Test

- verifies the T-carrier connection from end to end

36
Q

City-wide Network

A

MAN (metropolitan area network)

37
Q

Last Mile Technologies

A 
Dial-up
DSL
Broadband Cable
Satellite
Fiber
38
Q

Dial up lines

A

Dedicated lines - always off the hook, no phone number

Dial-up lines - have phone numbers

39
Q

PTSN

A

Public Switched Telephone Network

40
Q

POTS

A

Plain Old Telephone Service

- 2400 baud rate

41
Q

LEC

A

Local Exchange Carrier - telco

42
Q

IXC

A

Interexchange Carrier - long distance telco

43
Q

Baud Rate

A

the number of bauds per second

44
Q

UART

A

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

  • takes 8-bit-wide digital signal and converts it to 1-bit-wide digital data and hands it to the modem for conversion to analog
  • does reverse for incoming data
45
Q

ISDN

A

Integrated Services Digital Network

  • process of sending telephone transmission across fully digital lines end-to-end
  • must be within 18,000 ft
46
Q

ISDN channels

A 
Bearer channels (B) - carry voice and data using standard DS0 channels at 64 kbps
Delta Channels (D) - carry setup and configuration information at 16 kbps
- typical setup is 2 B and 1 D for 128 kbps
47
Q

ISDN PRI

A

Primary Rate Interface

- just a full T1 line, carrying 23 B channels

48
Q

DSL

A
  • fully digital, dedicated connection
  • no phone number
  • DSL modem considered demarc
49
Q

SDSL

A

Symmetric DSL

- speeds up to 15 mbps

50
Q

ADSL

A

Asymmetric DSL

- different upload/download speeds

51
Q

SDLAM

A

DSL Access Multiplier

- connects multiple customers to the internet

52
Q

PPPoE

A

Point-to-Point Protocol Over Ethernet

  • originally designed to encapsulate PPP frames into ethernet frames
  • made DSL users use a username/password
53
Q

DOCSIS

A

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

  • protocol used by cable modems
  • current specification is 3.1
54
Q

Two types of Satellite internet

A

One-way - download satellite, upload on dial-up

Two-way - satellite downloads and uploads

55
Q

PON

A

Passive Optical Network

  • architechture that uses a single fiber run to a neighborhood switch, then individual fibers to each final destination
  • uses WDM to enable multiple signals to travel on the same fiber then splits them at the switch
56
Q

Remote access

A

uses WAN and LAN connections to enable a computer to log onto a network from another location

57
Q

six most common forms of remote access

A 
dial-up
private dialup
VPN
Dedicated Connection
Remote Terminal
VoIP
58
Q

Private Dial-up

A
  • Uses phones to connect two systems, not the internet
  • One system acts as an RAS (remote access server)
  • client runs connection tool
  • In windows, RAS is RRAS (routing and remote access service)
59
Q

VPN

A

Virtual Private Network

- allow you to connect rhough a tunnel from a local computer to a remote network securely

60
Q

Dedicated Connections

A
  • remote connection that are never disconnected
  • two types: private and to the internet
  • expensive, but provide high bandwidth and high security
61
Q

Remote Terminal

A
  • a connection to a faraway computer that enables you to control that computer as if you were sitting in front of it
  • require server and client
  • microsoft uses RDP on 3389
62
Q

RTP

A

Real-time Transport Protocol

- defines the types of packets used on the internet to move voice or data from server to clients

63
Q

SIP and H.323

A

Session Initiation Protocol and H.323

  • handle the initiation, setup and delivery of VoIP standards
  • SIP uses ports TCP 5060 and 5061
  • H.323 uses ports 1720
  • both have methods for handling mutlicasting
64
Q

Skype

A
  • doesn’t use clients or servers, uses P2P

- encrypted using proprietary encryption

65
Q

RTSP

A

Real-time Steaming Protocol

  • for streaming video, has features for running, pausing, and stoping videos
  • runs on TCP 554
66
Q

in-band management

A

software installed on both the client and remote system enables direct control over resources

67
Q

DNS helper

A

some ISPs have DNS servers that redirect your browser to advertising when you type in an incorrect URL

68
Q

What is the signal rate for DS0

A

64 Kbps

69
Q

V.90 standard defines a modem speed of

A

56 kbps

70
Q

What is SONET used for?

A

long-distance, high-speed, fiber-optic transmission

CompTIA - Network+ (15 decks)

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