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A1 A Development > Remittances > Flashcards

Remittances Flashcards

1
Q

Who presents a definition of remittances?

A

Young 2011

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2
Q

What is their definition?

A

“Household income received from abroad, resulting mainly from the international migration of workers”

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3
Q

How many remit globally in 2017 world bank figure

A

250 million

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4
Q

What do the world bank figures suggest that the total value remitted was?

A

613 billion in 2017

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5
Q

What was the difference between the value remitted in 2017, and the value in foreign aid?

A

613 billion remitted, 146 billion in foreign aid from official donors

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6
Q

How have remittances been understood in geography?

A

As economic and as emotional

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7
Q

What do you suggest about the link between migration and development?

A

The scale of remittances means that any threat to remittances is a threat to the extent to which remittances can be understood as supporting development.

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8
Q

Structure

A

1) Why do people remit
2) Why is it important for development
3) Threats to them, and so threat to the relationship between migration and development

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9
Q

What is the key case study for derisking?

A

Somalia

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10
Q

Who are the two key providers of transfer?

A

Western Union and Money Gram

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11
Q

Who identifies remittance scripts?

A

Carling 2014

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12
Q

Using Carling 2014, what are the social/emotional scripts of remitting?

A

Obligation and blackmail

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13
Q

What other social reasons may someone remit?

A

Duty and status

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14
Q

Using Carling 2014, what are the economic scripts of remitting?

A

direct compensation for, for example building a house, and authorisation where the money is given to be spent in a particular way, but these are still dictated by obligation

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15
Q

What are three more reasons for economically remitting?

A

 Purchasing power differentials
 Debt repayments in order to migrate
 Pensions upon return

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16
Q

Why is remitting important for those receiving it?

A

It can substitute state-based welfare

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17
Q

Who has the senegalese in spain fact?

A

Yang 2011

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18
Q

What does Yang 2011 say about the senegalese in spain?

A

They remittances as much as 50% of their income home

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19
Q

Who critiques the sustainable development goals?

A

Martínez-Alier et al (2010)

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20
Q

Which sustainable development goal can remitting work towards and why?

A

SDG 13 - climate action, as it cane bale to adoption of more sustainable crops and activities, more efficient use of water and storm prevention

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21
Q

What is a critique of the importance of remitting for development?

A

They do not necessarily do much to change the development paradigm, as their reliance on differences in purchasing power is reliant on there being large scale inequalities between north and south.

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22
Q

What is the average remitting in Zambia?

A

12.5%

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23
Q

What is the average remitting in Rwanda?

A

13%

24
Q

What is the average charge for remitting?

A

8% (the economist)

25
Q

What do the UN highlight about remitting?

A

By reducing average costs to 3 per cent globally, remittance families would save an additional US$20 billion annually.

26
Q

By reducing average costs to 3 per cent globally, remittance families would save an additional US$20 billion annually. What can you argue about this?

A

That a small change would greatly improve the relationship between migration and development, and the capacity for the former to work towards the goals of the later

27
Q

How much was HSBC fined for failing to carry out proper checks on money heading for Mexico?

A

HSBC was fined £1.2bn for failing to carry out sufficient anti-money laundering checks on money bound for Mexico

28
Q

Why are banks derisking?

A

The financial and public image penalties are outweighing the benefits

29
Q

What does Gutale 2015 argue?

A

40% of Somalians rely on money sent from abroad.

30
Q

What does Lindley 2009 do?

A

looks at remittances from a refugee diaspora perspective, Somalis in london

31
Q

For Somalis in london (Lindley 2009), what is there a strong aspect of?

A

Kinship, generalised reciprocity accounting for 71% of transactions.

32
Q

What two things can you say about the relationship between migration and development?

A

IT is both growing, and threatened

33
Q

What does Portes 2010 argue?

A

That migration does not normally transform the basic structures and institutions of society in the Global North

34
Q

What is Gamlen 2014 argument?

A

the benefits of migration to the receiving countries have long been acknowledged

35
Q

How does this essay extend the Gamlen 2014 argument?

A

argue that with remittances migration also stands to benefit sending countries too

36
Q

When is Portes, arguing that migration does not normally transform the basic structures of society in the Global North, writing?

A

2010

37
Q

Who writes about the Kafala system in relation to gender?

A

Osella and Osella 2000

38
Q

Where does OSella and Osella 2000 look?

A

Kerala, a state in southern india

39
Q

What is the depiction of Kerala like?

A

Male sociality depends on excess, which those returning from the gulf are able to access to enhance their masculinity

40
Q

Who remits more?

A

Women remit a greater proportion of their income more regularly and consistently, even though they earn less

41
Q

What happens if a woman stays behind?

A

Then the structures of the house and the roles within it changes

42
Q

What does OSella and Osella 2000 identity as one of the male categories?

A

The Kallan, who become so self -interested society does not recognise them socially.

43
Q

What does Osella and Osella essentially argue?

A

That there is a significant relationship between cash and masculinity.

44
Q

What percentage do the UN highlight of female remittances that go to other women?

A

90%

45
Q

90% of female remittances go to other women. Who is this likely to be to?

A

Those who are looking after the children

46
Q

What is the symbolic value of women remitting?

A

The fact that women are remitting at all, in some countries, could be an empowering symbol. In Afghanistan, for example, female expatriate’s remittances could be an example of the ability of women to work

47
Q

What is one problem that women face when remitting that men do not?

A

Women may face problems investing remittances that men do not, for example limited access to credit could mean that setting up a business is difficult.

48
Q

What is an associated problem between women and investment

A

If women remit a higher proportion of their income, there will be less to save

49
Q

What is the ability of women’s remittances to contribute to development goals dependent upon?

A

Their rights being maintained. IF they have to use a people smuggler, for example, then they will not only be vulnerable to social exploitation, but they would have to spend their money on paying him back rather than remitting.

50
Q

Since women remit more frequently, what does this mean?

A

That higher fees could affect them more.

51
Q

What is remitting predicated on?

A

Large scale inequalities between north and south

52
Q

Other than gaol 13, climate action, what is the gender goal of SGDs?

A

5

53
Q

Who considers gender and remittances?

A

Kunz 2008

54
Q

Gender both influences and is influenced by the remittances. Who says this?

A

2008

55
Q

According to Kunz 2008, what needs to be challenged?

A

• Need to challenge the idea that women are passive receivers of remittances

56
Q

Kunz 2008 argues that development across have changed their vision how?

A

Rather than seeing migration as a problem they see it as a tool for development

57
Q

What does Levitt distinguish between?

A

social and economic remittances; important for gender because it can draw ideas back to the sending countries.

A1 A Development (11 decks)

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