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A1 A Development > ESS > Flashcards

ESS Flashcards

1
Q

What are ESS

A

Benefits taken by humans from ecosystems

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2
Q

What are the four aspects of ESS

A

Provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting

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3
Q

What is PESS

A

incentivising landowners to maintain the ESS that their land gives. The payments go to the landowners

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4
Q

Who thinks that ESS is a good thing?

A

Costanza et al 2014

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5
Q

Even if you take Costanza;s view, why is PESS a problem?

A

It is not designed with poverty alleviation in mind

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6
Q

How would this essay go one step further than Costanza 2014?

A

it is not even environmentally worthy

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7
Q

What are the paragraphs?

A 
What does it promise 
What is the discourse 
Inequality 
Problems for ecosystems
Alternatives
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8
Q

What is the central promise of PESS?

A

Poor and indigenous people will get compensation for stuff that they are doing anyway for the environment.

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9
Q

What is the case study to support the promise?

A

Jayachandran et al 2016

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10
Q

What did Jayachandran et al argue through a randomised study?

A

The result was that while forest cover decreased by between 7 and 10 percent in the “control” villages, it only dropped between 2 to 5 percent in the designated “treatment” villages.

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11
Q

What kind of discourse does it rely on?

A

Same assumptions and discourses that make the rest of development so problematic

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12
Q

Who makes the argument that that if you understand the world as a markets system, as with PESS, then you are both perpetuating global inequality whilst failing to deliver on an environmental promise

A

McAfee

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13
Q

When was McAfee writing?

A

2012

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14
Q

When was Jayachandran et al writing?

A

2016

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15
Q

What does McAfee say about markets?

A

markets cannot be both efficient and equitable on a local level.

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16
Q

Who talks about an inherently exploitative system, relying on cheap nature elsewhere?

A

Magdoff and Foster 2010

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17
Q

• The whole system of people in the Global North paying for ESS in the global south is predicated on what?

A

There being inequalities between north and south

18
Q

What must some people surrender for PESS?

A

a degree of control of their land, land that they may have been using sustainably for a long time

19
Q

What is the worst bit about PESS?

A

Not only does it fail not the development front, because it is not designed with development in mind, but it also fails ecologically.

20
Q

Who is the person that talks about the failures of attempts to integrate environment and poverty reduction schemes?

A

Tallis et al 2008

21
Q

What do Tallis et al 2008 take issue with?

A

The implementation, rather than the concept, arguing for better monitoring.

22
Q

What problem for ecosystems does Adams 2014 present?

A

if society treats something that was previously unmarketable as a marketable good, then it simply projects existing inequalities onto a new canvass

23
Q

How does this allow for greenwashing?

A

reduced pressure without actually doing anything to halt unsustainable resource use.

24
Q

Who is the person that, ironically with the name, suggests that there is no good way to chop up ecosystem and value them?

A

Wood 2014

25
Q

What do McAfee and Shapiro argue?

A

nature needs to be decontextualized and extracted to if one wants to create units of value

26
Q

What is the biggest problem with PESS from the perspective of the ecosystem?

A

It does not encourage people to pollute less, rather to take the burden off the pollution.

27
Q

What is the positive example of a local driven PESS

A

Tallis et al 2008 Quito water fund

28
Q

What does the Quito water fund and the Maasi tourism initiative both demonstrate?

A

That you can use ESS with out the top-down approach that many initiatives use.

29
Q

A quick look at the UN website for REDD + highlights what?

A

That they view stemming deforestation to be more important than afforestation.

30
Q

Who is a proponent of decentralised forest governance?

A

Agrawal 2005

31
Q

What does Agrawal 2005 argue for, and what case study does he use?

A

Kumaon in India. It is never possible to engage with the environmental protection of an area without the express interest of those who live there. In Kumaon, forest councils acknowledge the interests of the citizens of the forest.

32
Q

Who does Agrawal write with in 2010?

A

Phelps, Webb and Agrawal 2010

33
Q

For Phelps, Webb and Agrawal 2010, what does REDD + do?

A

Interrupt a decentralising trend in forest management. Does not give communities control

34
Q

Who gives the case study of Norway, and what is its paticularity?

A

Angelson 2013 Guyana and Norway. Norway has given in 2013 more than 100m USD for Guyana’s REDD+ investment fund, in support of Guyana’s low carbon development strategy.

35
Q

What is the example of McAfee and Shapiro 2010?

A

Mexican neoliberal federal PES programme

36
Q

How do McAfee and Shaprio 2010 problematise the PES programme in Mexico?

A

it is based on the problematic eurocentric nature/society dichotomy

37
Q

ESS displaces the problem to where?

A

Somewhere else

38
Q

What is the example for ESS displacing the problem?

A

Landrover are now offsetting their vehicles for the first 45 000 miles

39
Q

Through Tallis et al 2008 meta analysis, what proportion of the world bank projects had made progress on both the human and the environmental level?

A

16%

40
Q

Define REDD +

A

where rich countries make payments to poorer countries in exchange for protecting their trees.

41
Q

REDD + is a good example of what

A

Cheap nature elsewhere

42
Q

if society treats something that was previously unmarketable as a marketable good, then it simply projects existing inequalities onto a new canvass. Who argues this

A

Adams 2014

A1 A Development (11 decks)

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