Religious Settlement threats/opposition

Question 1

What were the different factors effecting her religious settlement?

Answer 1

-Economic - in debt
-Political - gender
-Foreign threats
-Religion - Catholic nation
-Marian exiles

Question 2

What was the Marian exiles returning situation?

Answer 2

-many Marian Protestant exiles returned from England wanting more radical policies

Question 3

What was a threat from Roman Catholics?

Answer 3

-in Roman Catholic’s eyes she was illegitimate

Question 4

Where is Catholicism strongest?

Answer 4

-in the North
-Wales

Question 5

Where is Protestantism strongest?

Answer 5

-South
-East
-London

Question 6

What does Puritan mean?

Answer 6

-extreme Protestants

Question 7

Who did Elizabeth aim to satisfy?

Answer 7

-as many people as possible

Question 8

What was the Act of Supremacy (summarised)?

Answer 8

-re-established the church of England with Elizabeth as it’s Supreme Governor->her title suggested that she may be more tolerant than those before her

-the Act said that any person taking public of religious office in England had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth

Question 9

What was the Act of Uniformity (summarised)?

Answer 9

-dictated the way that the Church of England functioned
-Churches must use the same Common Prayer book as the 1552 book
-the vague wording of communion allowed for both Catholic and Protestant beliefs
-everyone must attend church or pay a fine

Question 10

What Catholic opposition did the Religious Settlement face?

Answer 10

-the people with the most to lose in the Religious Settlement were Catholics
-over the past 5 years most had been overjoyed to see Catholicism return and the excesses of the Reformation reversed under Mary I->they were reluctant to allow any change by her Protestant sister

Question 11

What opposition did the Religious Settlement face from parliament?

Answer 11

-the House of Commons was broadly supporting
-Elizabeth faced opposition from the Catholic-dominated House of Lords->it firmly rejected the first draft of the Act of Supremacy

Question 12

What did Nicholas Bacon do during a break at Easter?

Answer 12

-during a break at Easter Bacon met a delegation of Catholics and Protestants to discuss the issue->ended in arguments

Question 13

Who was Nicholas Bacon?

Answer 13

Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal

Question 14

When did Catholic Lords realise that they were powerless to stop the settlement?

Answer 14

-when Elizabeth imprisoned 2 Catholics in the Tower of London and fined 6 others

Question 15

What opposition did the Oath of Supremacy face?

Answer 15

-the Catholic Bishops in the House of Lords who allowed the Act of Supremacy to pass were effectively voting themselves out of office since all Clergy would now need to swear an oath of loyalty to the Queen as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England

-it appears that most of the rest of the Clergy underneath the Bishops did not have such a problem->7,000 out of 8,000 Clergy took the Oath of Supremacy and kept their positions->willing to work under the new Settlement even if it meant converting to Protestantism

Question 16

What was Anthony Kitchin (Bishop of Llandaff) allowed?

Answer 16

-he was allowed to retain his job but the other Bishiprics were filled with Protestants who would take the oath including Mathew Parker (he became the Archbishop of Canterbury)

Question 17

What did Pope Pius do as a result of the Oath of Supremacy? How was it a threat to Elizabeth?

Answer 17

-he was a Catholic Pope
-he excommunicated Elizabeth from the Catholic church declaring her a heretic->his announcement released any English Catholics from allegiance to her

Question 18

What opposition was faced from Priests?

Answer 18

-Jesuit priests were dispatched from Rome and sneaked into England to celebrate mass->if they were caught they were tortured and executed

Question 19

What did being excommunicated mean Catholics wouldn’t have to serve a punishment (in religious terms) for?

Answer 19

-if they killed the Queen

Question 20

What was Recusancy?

Answer 20

-refusing to attend Church service

Question 21

Why were Recusants seen as dangerous?

Answer 21

-because their loyalty was doubted

Question 22

What were Recusants initially fined? What made the punishments become harsher?

Answer 22

-12 pence (1 shilling) but few people were actually punished->several Catholic plots were uncovered which made the punishments become harsher

Question 23

What was the punishment for recusancy by 1580?

Answer 23

-the fine increased to £20 per month and more people were arrested

Question 24

What happened if a recusant was unable or unwilling to pay?

Answer 24

-if a recusant was unable or unwilling to pay then they were imprisoned or had their land seized

Question 25

What were Puritans and how did they pose a threat?

Answer 25

-extreme Protestants
-were often as critical of the Religious Settlement as Catholics

Question 26

What was a result of Marian exiles returning? What did they want?

Answer 26

-Marian exiles returned
-they wanted Catholics to be purged with the same level of violence which Mary had burned Protestants
-the sudden influx of Puritans not only alarmed Catholics but also moderate Protestants who saw the potential for disorder

Question 27

What became the base for many Marian exiles? What did they take over?

Answer 27

-London
-they took over churches, preaching Puritan views to the poorer population in the hope that they would rise up and demand change

Question 28

How did Elizabeth try to calm the population due to the Marian exiles and other threats?

Answer 28

-by stating that acts of public disorder would be punished and promising that the Religious Settlement would be made law by Parliament (rather than royal proclamation) so that the people of England had the chance to influence what was decided

Question 29

What did Puritan leaders want to continue after the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity were passed?

Answer 29

-to try and shift Elizabethan England towards a more extreme version of Protestantism

Question 30

What happened at a Convocation?

Answer 30

-at a Convocation (gathering of Clergy) in 1562-1563 Puritan delegates aimed to change several aspects of the Religious Settlement that they thought too Catholic->including the ringing of Church bells and the use of wedding rings->they failed to persuade more moderate Protestants and the rulings that were passed by the Convocation (known as the 39 Articles) retained many Catholic traditions which Puritans opposed

Question 31

What’s a Convocation?

Answer 31

-gathering of Clergy

Question 32

What caused the most conflict with Puritans?

Answer 32

-Clergy having to wear vestments

Question 33

What was a result of the Archbishop of Canterbury beginning a crackdown in 1566 due to vestments?

Answer 33

-37 Puritan ministers refused to wear vestments and several were removed from their jobs but their protests were futile and most Puritans grudgingly began to wear vestments

Question 34

What were a group of hardcore Puritans still unhappy about?

Answer 34

-a hardcore group of Puritans continued to object to the retention of Catholic practices in the Religious Settlement->several tracts were written complaining about the way the new church was run

Question 35

What was John Fields complaining about and what did he write?

Answer 35

-the way the new church was run
-‘A view on Popish Abuses Yet Remaining in the English Church

Question 36

What was Thomas Wilcox complaining about and what did he write?

Answer 36

-the way the new church was run
-‘Admonition to Parliament

Question 37

Did John Fields and Thomas Wilcox’s writing have an impact and what happened to them?

Answer 37

-little impact
-were imprisoned for a year for breaking the Act of Uniformity

Question 38

How many Clergy who were found to be too Puritan in their beliefs were suspended by high commission?

Answer 38

300

Question 39

Why did some Puritan leaders flee? What happened to those who remained?

Answer 39

-fled to the continent to avoid arrest
-many of those who remained were held in prison, depriving the hard-line Protestants of any leadership

Question 40

What did Thomas Cartwright do?

Answer 40

-continued to push the Puritan cause between periods of exile and arrest

Question 41

What was separatism?

Answer 41

-when Puritans realised that they could not after the practice of the Church of England->they began to consider whether they should split from the church completely

Question 42

What did separatists want?

Answer 42

-wanted a church outside the Anglican hierarchy run by elders->however they were effectively denying that the queen was the Supreme Governor of the Church