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Emma Philosophy > Religious Language > Flashcards

Religious Language Flashcards

1
Q

what is the verification principle

A

establish the meaningfulness of language generally

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2
Q

what do logical positivists say about verification principle - 3

A
  1. language is meaningless without empirical evidence.
  2. conclude impossible to speak meaningfully about God - can’t be verified
  3. religious language is used to consider things beyond human experience
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3
Q

who made verification

A

A J Ayer

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4
Q

what is the argument

A

non cognitive meaningless
religious language not possible to prove a statement true or false

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5
Q

what are the 2 requirements to make a language meaningful - verification

A
  1. analytic or a priori - true by definition
  2. synthetic or a posteriori - empirically verifiable
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6
Q

what are the 2 definitions on how to language is shown to be flawed or redefined
what does pseudo proposition

A
  1. verification in practise
  2. verification in principle

anything other than these statements

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7
Q

what is a problem with verification principle

A
  1. principle can’t be verified using the principle so meaningless
  2. most people accept all kinds of statements as meaningful not just scientific or analytic statements
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8
Q

what is falsification principle

A

language is meaningful that can prove against it

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9
Q

who applied it

A

Antony Flew

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10
Q

what did he conclude
give an example
and his key quote

A

religious statements are meaningless as believers won’t allow anything to count against it
God is good
die the death by a thousand qualifications

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11
Q

how is John wisdoms parable applied to falsification.

A

parable of gardener - 2 people presented with same evidence - person who believers there is a Gardner will not allow evidence to count against it

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12
Q

how does the falsification principle differ from verification

A
  1. depends on falsification to decide if statement is meaningful
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13
Q

what is problem with falsification principle

A

people won’t allow anything to count against it.

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14
Q

what are challenges of falsification

A

flew is wrong - some give up faith due to evil and suffering
2. some say statements should not be cognitive - principle is rejected

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15
Q

Richard Swinburne Toy Cupboard

A

toys come out at night move nobody watching
can’t falsify no way collecting evidence still understand toys doing this so meaningful

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16
Q

Mitchells parable of stinger

A

stranger tells fighter working undercover fighter never believes stranger despite conflicting evidence, fighter won’t falsify his beliefs

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17
Q

how did anyone flew change his mind

A
  1. converted to theism
    if he is a theist he must believe language is meaningful undermine earlier position
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18
Q

Inherent Problem

A

all language formed by our experiences
as God is described as being outside of our time hard to know if we can describe him
finite language can’t describe an infinite God. Can’t experience in empirical terms
many conclude if there is God can’t know it can’t speak meaningfully

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19
Q

Twentieth century thinking about religious language

A
  1. New emphasis on empiricism
  2. Wittgenstein - language only meaningful if it relates to scientific fact and empirical reality.
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20
Q

strengths to logical positivism -2

A
  1. Some agree with flew - when religious believers never give up there claims
  2. some religious events defy logic - resurrection, virgin birth
    logical positivists say that events have to pass certain tests before considered meaningful. these two events fail so meaningless
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21
Q

weakness of logical positivism

A
  1. principle fail own tests
  2. some religious statements are historical, Jesus preformed miracles
  3. analogy, symbol and language yes successful and deafest challenge
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22
Q

who created symbol

A

Paul tillich - 20 th century

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23
Q

what is a sign

A

precise, specific, recongnised, Clear in communicating what stand for

24
Q

what is a symbol

A

representative of something else, meaningful
point to a reality beyond them - self transcending, speak to believers

25
Q

God and symbolic language - 3

A
  1. middle way through univocalism and equivocalism
  2. affaim something of divine human lang inadequate describing God
    3, More accessible
26
Q

Strengths symbol -2

A
  1. avoids anthropomorphism
  2. certain symbols are timeless
27
Q

weakness symbol - 3

A
  1. people want certainty - literal
  2. symbols may provoke different emotions
  3. symbols change over time
28
Q

who created analogy

A

Aquinas 13th century

29
Q

definition of analogy

A

comparison made to show similarity between two subjects

30
Q

what are two forms of analogy

A

analogy pf attribution and analogy of proportionality

31
Q

analogy of attribution

A

as a creator and cause of everything God is the source of attribution such as goodness, wisdom, love

32
Q

analogy of proportionality

A

refers to quality something possess in portion to kind of reality it possess
meaningful to say that God is faithful - we know what that means God is promotionally greater than humans his faithfulness goes above and beyond our expressions

33
Q

strengths of analogy -2

A
  1. offers middle way speaking about God
  2. makes language cognitive as observable
34
Q

weaknesses of analogy - 2

A
  1. Vienna circle - we need to know what we mean by God
  2. analogy only works if assumes god is there
35
Q

what type of language is Via Negative

A

Apophatic

36
Q

what was the name given to the 5th century mystic via negative

A

pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite

37
Q

what was 5th century mystic argument - via negative

A

phrases like God is good as we don’t know what stands for
but he allows for kataphic language on God like king of kings
use both kataphatic and apophayoc langanhue

38
Q

strength of via negative - 1

A
  1. avoids anthropomorphism maintains a sense of Gods transcendence
39
Q

weakness of via negative - 1

A
  1. most theists want cataphatic language
40
Q

who created language games

A

Wittgenstein

41
Q

what was Wittgenstein quote about religious language

A

‘nonsense but important nonscense’

42
Q

how did Wittgenstein change his mind

A

he said If something is nonfactual it is nonsense to say that it fails to express fact

43
Q

how does Wittgenstein link it to games
what is it

A

can’t know the rules to all ball games language uses different rules. language is learned from others
should ask others what they mean by God
non cognitive but meaningful due to context and use

44
Q

what is strength to language games-1

A
  1. statements express belief in rather than belief that
45
Q

what is weakness to language game

A

we can watch games and watch through observation should be possible to understand religious language without being religious

46
Q

who created eschatological verification

A

Hick

47
Q

what is eschatological verification

A

truth of religious language is verifiable in principle meets conditions of verifcationism

48
Q

what is the analogy for eschatological verification

A

celestial city - 2 travellers journey along road of life to city. one believes city at end other does not one belief will be verified at end of journey same way when we die truth of Gods existence can be verified
God exists is cognitive and meaningful as other religious statements

49
Q

strength eschatological verification -1

A

heaven real possibility

50
Q

weakness eschatological verification -1

A

doesn’t mean its true or even strong probability. athesists dismiss parable

51
Q

who created religious language as Blick

A

hare

52
Q

what is a blick

A

a way people see world and speak of it which is not falsifiable but meaningful to them

53
Q

parable of paranoid student - blick

A

someone was going to kill him but nobody could prove others meaningful to him

54
Q

what does hare conclude

A

religious believers not intending make cognitive factual claims still have meaning influence way people look at world
non cognitive but still meaningful
statements have impact on people

55
Q

what is strength to blick - 1

A

allows belief to be meaningful even tho non cognitive

56
Q

weakness blick -1

A

shows personal belief may not be falsifiable whilst being entirely meaningful to that person

Emma Philosophy (9 decks)

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