RELIGIOUS CHANGES Flashcards
1547 July
Book of Homilies and Royal Injunctions
1547 November
Dissolution of the Chantries
1548 February
Royal order for images to be removed from Churches
1548 December
First book of Common Prayer
1549 January
First Act of Uniformity
1550 November
Order that stone altars to be replaced by wooden tables
1552 January
Second book of Common Prayer
1552 April
Second Act of uniformity
1552 November
Forty-Two articles. Cranmer’s summary of the Edwardian Doctrine
1553 July
Edward dies
1553 September
Arrest of Cranmer, Latimer, Hooper and Ridley
1554 March
Royal injunctions
1554 April
Heresy Laws passed
1554 November
Cardinal Pole returns to England. England’s excommunication is lifted. Second Act of repeal.
1555 October
Latimer and Ridley burned for Heresy
1555 December
Pole made Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer sacked.
1556 March
Cranmer burned
1557 June
Pole recalled to Rome on heresy charge but Mary refuses to let him leave.
1558 November
Mary and Pole died.
Secular
A term used to describe non-religious issues
Predestination
Calvinist belief that Christ had chosen those he would save.
Papal Legate
Representative of the pope who has been given papal powers.
Heresy
Beliefs apart from those of the established church.
Excommunication
Action of the Pope to ban people (or countries) from the practices
of the Catholic church –essentially thrown out
Chantries
Small chapels where prayers are said for the dead.
Calvinist
Follower of John Calvin. Similar to Lutheran ideas but with no bishops in hierarchy and a belief in predestination.
Extent to which Edward achieved a complete Protestant Reformation:
- Religious change under Somerset focussed on attacking many traditional Catholic practices.
- Unlicensed preaching was tolerated at first but later had to be cracked down upon in the face of radicalism.
- The second part of Edward’s reign then focussed on the introduction of a genuinely protestant church.
- Edward’s early death meant that despite the establishment of legal framework Mary was able to restore Catholicism upon accession.
- Despite the presence of strong protestant voices much of the country remained Catholic at heart
Extent to which Mary achieved a return to Catholicism:
-Mary succeeding in removing protestant clergy and restoring Catholic priest and bishops.
-She was able to reinstate the heresy laws but not return monastic lands to Rome.
-Excommunication on the country was lifted and
many notable protestants were burned.
-Cardinal Pole and Mary became involved in Pope Paul IV’s quarrels with Philip II and tension remained until he and Mary died in 1558.
-England was now officially Catholic and there did appear to be widespread support for the restoration.
Opposition and support for religious change
- There were critics and supporters of the changes to religion under both Edward and Mary.
- Some staunch Catholics fled England to avoid persecution under Edward and likewise under Mary, some protestant sympathisers were forced to flee to the continent to escape burnings for heresy.
- The North and West of England remained Catholic in sympathy and the rebellions on 1549 were all to a certain extent influenced by religion.
- The restoration of Catholicism was less popular in the south East where the flow of protestant ideas was stronger.
Nicholas Ridley
– Help Cranmer introduce Edward’s religious reforms. Made Bishop of London and key in the investigation of Catholic Bishops under Edward. Burned at the stake in Oxford 1555 with Hugh Latimer.
Hugh Latimer
- Appointed bishop of Worcester at the request of Thomas Cromwell and became a keen exponent of English Protestantism.
- He preached at the Court of Edward VI and was eventually burned for heresy by Mary in Oxford 1555.
Bishop Hooper
- After study in Switzerland returned to England to become leading exponent of Calvinism.
- Made bishop of Gloucester and Worcester.
- Central to Somerset’s and Northumberland’s religious reforms and burned for heresy under Mary.
Cardinal (Reginald) Pole
- Objected to Henry VIII position as head of the church, fled, and was then appointed as papal legate.
- Returned to England under Mary and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Was central in Mary’s government but quarrelled with Pope Paul IV on humanism.
Thomas Cranmer
- Appointed Archbishop by Henry VIII and oversaw divorce with Catherine of Aragon.
- Introduced many of Edward’s reforms including prayer books but burnt for heresy by Mary in 1556.
