RELIGIOUS CHANGES

Question 1

1547 July

Answer 1

Book of Homilies and Royal Injunctions

Question 2

1547 November

Answer 2

Dissolution of the Chantries

Question 3

1548 February

Answer 3

Royal order for images to be removed from Churches

Question 4

1548 December

Answer 4

First book of Common Prayer

Question 5

1549 January

Answer 5

First Act of Uniformity

Question 6

1550 November

Answer 6

Order that stone altars to be replaced by wooden tables

Question 7

1552 January

Answer 7

Second book of Common Prayer

Question 8

1552 April

Answer 8

Second Act of uniformity

Question 9

1552 November

Answer 9

Forty-Two articles. Cranmer’s summary of the Edwardian Doctrine

Question 10

1553 July

Answer 10

Edward dies

Question 11

1553 September

Answer 11

Arrest of Cranmer, Latimer, Hooper and Ridley

Question 12

1554 March

Answer 12

Royal injunctions

Question 13

1554 April

Answer 13

Heresy Laws passed

Question 14

1554 November

Answer 14

Cardinal Pole returns to England. England’s excommunication is lifted. Second Act of repeal.

Question 15

1555 October

Answer 15

Latimer and Ridley burned for Heresy

Question 16

1555 December

Answer 16

Pole made Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer sacked.

Question 17

1556 March

Answer 17

Cranmer burned

Question 18

1557 June

Answer 18

Pole recalled to Rome on heresy charge but Mary refuses to let him leave.

Question 19

1558 November

Answer 19

Mary and Pole died.

Question 20

Secular

Answer 20

A term used to describe non-religious issues

Question 21

Predestination

Answer 21

Calvinist belief that Christ had chosen those he would save.

Question 22

Papal Legate

Answer 22

Representative of the pope who has been given papal powers.

Question 23

Heresy

Answer 23

Beliefs apart from those of the established church.

Question 24

Excommunication

Answer 24

Action of the Pope to ban people (or countries) from the practices
of the Catholic church –essentially thrown out

Question 25

Chantries

Answer 25

Small chapels where prayers are said for the dead.

Question 26

Calvinist

Answer 26

Follower of John Calvin. Similar to Lutheran ideas but with no bishops in hierarchy and a belief in predestination.

Question 27

Extent to which Edward achieved a complete Protestant Reformation:

Answer 27

• Religious change under Somerset focussed on attacking many traditional Catholic practices.
• Unlicensed preaching was tolerated at first but later had to be cracked down upon in the face of radicalism.
• The second part of Edward’s reign then focussed on the introduction of a genuinely protestant church.
• Edward’s early death meant that despite the establishment of legal framework Mary was able to restore Catholicism upon accession.
• Despite the presence of strong protestant voices much of the country remained Catholic at heart

Question 28

Extent to which Mary achieved a return to Catholicism:

Answer 28

-Mary succeeding in removing protestant clergy and restoring Catholic priest and bishops.
-She was able to reinstate the heresy laws but not return monastic lands to Rome.
-Excommunication on the country was lifted and
many notable protestants were burned.
-Cardinal Pole and Mary became involved in Pope Paul IV’s quarrels with Philip II and tension remained until he and Mary died in 1558.
-England was now officially Catholic and there did appear to be widespread support for the restoration.

Question 29

Opposition and support for religious change

Answer 29

• There were critics and supporters of the changes to religion under both Edward and Mary.
• Some staunch Catholics fled England to avoid persecution under Edward and likewise under Mary, some protestant sympathisers were forced to flee to the continent to escape burnings for heresy.
• The North and West of England remained Catholic in sympathy and the rebellions on 1549 were all to a certain extent influenced by religion.
• The restoration of Catholicism was less popular in the south East where the flow of protestant ideas was stronger.

Question 30

Nicholas Ridley

Answer 30

– Help Cranmer introduce Edward’s religious reforms. Made Bishop of London and key in the investigation of Catholic Bishops under Edward. Burned at the stake in Oxford 1555 with Hugh Latimer.

Question 31

Hugh Latimer

Answer 31

• Appointed bishop of Worcester at the request of Thomas Cromwell and became a keen exponent of English Protestantism.
• He preached at the Court of Edward VI and was eventually burned for heresy by Mary in Oxford 1555.

Question 32

Bishop Hooper

Answer 32

• After study in Switzerland returned to England to become leading exponent of Calvinism.
• Made bishop of Gloucester and Worcester.
• Central to Somerset’s and Northumberland’s religious reforms and burned for heresy under Mary.

Question 33

Cardinal (Reginald) Pole

Answer 33

• Objected to Henry VIII position as head of the church, fled, and was then appointed as papal legate.
• Returned to England under Mary and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
• Was central in Mary’s government but quarrelled with Pope Paul IV on humanism.

Question 34

Thomas Cranmer

Answer 34

• Appointed Archbishop by Henry VIII and oversaw divorce with Catherine of Aragon.
• Introduced many of Edward’s reforms including prayer books but burnt for heresy by Mary in 1556.