Religion under Mary Flashcards
What was Mary’s dilemma?
-she had to decide whether to go to moderate Catholicism or back to full Catholicism or establish a new form of Catholicism
What is the acronym for Mary’s religious changes?
Always
Respect
Her
Superiority
Before
Privy
Council
What does the acronym stand for?
Act of Repeal 1553
Royal injunctions 1554 March
Heresy Laws 1554 April
2nd Act of Repeal 1554 November
First protestant burnings John Rodgers February (Latimer and Ridley burned October) 1555
Pole made Archbishop of Canterbury 1556 March
Cranmer burned 1556
What did Mary’s proclamation say on the 16th August 1553?
-she feared opposition and wanted everyone to follow ‘peaceful Christian lives’ and if they don’t they would be ‘severely punished’
-she wants people to calmly follow her views and ‘quietly follow suit’
-it is passive aggressive->she is warning people
How many days was Mary’s proclamation on the 16th August 1553 after she arrived in London?
-13 days after she arrived in London
What was religion like when Mary came to the throne?
-lots of religious divide
What is Mary conscious about to do with religion?
-she is aware that she can’t change religion quickly so she is trying to slowly gather support
-she had just fought for her place on the throne and wanted to avoid a civil war so she is trying to assert her authority
what were many prominent Protestant Clergy deprived of in August 1553?
-deprived of their livings
Who were arrested and imprisoned in September 1553?
-Archbishop Cranmer was arrested
-Prominent Protestants such as Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, Nicholas Ridley, John Rogers and others were imprisoned
What did Parliament refuse to repeal in the autumn of 1553?
-the Act of Supremacy
When was the Act of Repeal passed and what was it?
-autumn of 1553
-undid all of the Edwardian Reformation
What did the Act of Repeal do? (5)
-undid all of the Edwardian Reformation
-made England moderately Catholic
-revived the Mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy
-implicitly reaffirmed the tradition doctrine of the Lord’s Supper (Transubstantiation)
-restored the Church to what it had been in 1547 under the Act of Six Articles
What did Mary give up in December 1553?
-her title of Supreme Head of the Church
What was a result of mass exodus of Protestants to Germany and Switzerland in January 1554?
-Mass exodus of Protestants to Germany and Switzerland ->estimated to have been 800 protestants allowed to leave England
When were Royal Injunctions issued in 1554?
-March
What did Royal Injunctions do? (4)
-ordered Bishops to suppress Heresy
-removed married Clergy
-re-ordained Clergy who had been ordained under the English Ordinal
-restored Holy Days, processions and ceremonies
What did Bishop Gardiner do in March 1554?
-Bishop Gardiner started to deprive married Priests of their livings
-some were reinstated when they conformed
Roughly what percentage of Clergy were deprived for being married in March 1554?
10-25%
How many Priests lost their posts in the Diocese in March 1554?
-in the Diocese of Norwich 243 Priests lost their posts, 90 in Bath and Wales
What did Parliament initially reject in April 1554?
-the reintroduction of the Heresy Laws
Why did Parliament accept the Heresy Laws?
-they declined due to fears about having to give back Monastic lands ->they agreed when promised that former Monastic lands would not be restored to Church ownership
Who returned to England in November 1554 and why?
-Cardinal Pole->the sentence of excommunication was lifted
Who was Pole?
-Papal Legate
When was the Second Act of Repeal and Bishop Bonner’s Book of Homilies passed and published?
-November 1554
What did the Second Act of Repeal do?
-undid Henry’s Reformation
What did Mary plan an investigation for in January 1555?
-a commission to consider re-founding some of the religious houses
Who became the first Protestant to Martyr of the reign in February 1555?
-John Rogers (a Biblical translator)
-he was burned under the restored Heresy Laws
Who were burned on October 16th 1555?
-Bishop Ridley and Latimer were burned for Heresy in Oxford
Who died on the 12th November 1555 and how did it benefit Paget??
-Stephen Gardiner
-Paget had more control
What was Cranmer deprived of on November 13th 1555?
-of the see of Canterbury
Who was named Archbishop of Canterbury in December 1555?
Pole
What met under Pole in December 1555 until February 1556?
-the London Synod
What did the London Synod issue and when?
-the Twelve Decrees of Clerical Discipline
-February 1556
What were the Twelve Decrees on Clerical Discipline?
-against abuses such as Absenteeism, Pluralism, Simony and Heresy
What happened to Cranmer on the 21st March 1556?
-recanted all retractions and was burned at the stake in Oxford
Who did Cardinal Pole argue with and what did it result in on the 21st March 1556?
-Pope Paul IV->Pole was deprived of his position as Legate
What happened to Pole on the 22nd March 1556?
-he was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
What were re-founded in June 1557?
-some small religious houses
Where was Pole recalled to and why in June 1557?
-he was recalled to Rome to answer changes of Heresy
What did Mary refuse Pole of in June 1557?
-Mary refused him permission to go->rejected his placement as Legate
How many Protestants were burned at the stake in Canterbury on November 10th 1558?
-5
How many Protestants were executed during Mary’s reign?
-around 300
Who returned from exile on November 10th 1558 and what did he do?
-Thomas Bentham->was ministering to the Protestants of London
When did Mary and Pole die?
-17th November 1558
What did the Gentry fear about the Heresy Laws?
-they feared that monastic lands that had been gained during Henry and Edwards Reformations would be taken away
What sort of opposition did Mary face?
-people who opposed the Heresy Laws
-the 800 Protestants that were allowed to leave England
-Martyr’s
How much support did Mary have?
-when she came to the throne she was very popular
-the South supported her
-some people in Devon gave her considerable funds to invest into further movements towards Catholicism (Devon was where the Western Rebellion happened during Edwards reign)
How supportive was the Government?
-not very supportive to start off with but eventually supported
-selfish vested interests when the Government got what they wanted
What were Mary’s religious goals? (6)
-undo the religious changes made since 1529 (Henry VIII and Edward VI)
restore Papal authority
-restore traditional Catholic practices and belief in transubstantiation
-re-establish religious houses that had been dissolved
-end Clerical marriage and restore the status of Priests
-secure a long-term future for Catholicism by marrying and having children
-persecute those who did not agree with her views
What was Gardiner concerned about?
-uncertain about restoring Papal authority
What was Renard (imperial ambassador) concerned about?
-expressed concerns about trying to restore former monastic property
What was Charles V and the Pope (Julius III) concerned about?
-concerned that Mary would proceed too quickly and cause unrest that might threaten her position as Queen
What evidence was there for lack of support? (5)
-parliament refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy
-Wyatt’s Rebellion
-Protestants began to leave England
-factional struggles between Gardiner and Paget
-opposition to the religious changes in Parliament had been largely on either faction or economic grounds
What was evidence of support? (4)
-popularity
-Act of Repeal was passed
-Mary used the Royal Prerogative to suspend the Second Act of Uniformity and also restored Mass
-Married Philip of Spain
What did Mary use to suspend the Second Act of Uniformity?
-Royal prerogative
What did Mary’s stubbornness mean? What did it do to her judgement?
-her stubbornness meant that she did not understand the implications of abandoning the Royal Supremacy and restoring Papal authority->she failed to see that some Catholics had remained loyal to both her father and half-brother and had profited considerably from events such as the Dissolution of the Monasteries
What were Mary’s two aims?
-to return England to it’s obedience to Rome
-produce a male heir
How easy was it for Mary to return England to its obedience to Rome?
-was achieved with very little resistance after it was made clear that the land that once belonged to the church wouldn’t be restored
What did both houses of Parliament ask for in 1554?
-forgiveness from the Popes Legate (Cardinal Paul) for all the anti-papal legislation passed in the 1530s
What orders went out about the improvements to the Churches?
-orders went out for the repainting of Churches, carving of roods, restoration of the Latin mass
->heretical England had been received back into the fold had been forgiven
How many people were burned during Mary’s reign?
around 300
What was heresy seen as in the 1500s?
-a threat not just to the Church but to the stability of society as a whole
-they were also deemed guilty for treason due to questioning the Monarch’s religious policies
What was the process of finding a Heretic?
-Heresy commissions->Bishops conducting visitations to identify Heretics
-they would be accused and arrested by the crowns constable or other borough of country officials
-investigation and sentencing carried out by churchmen
-they would be spared if they recanted and admitted the errors of their ways
-if they stuck to their Protestantism a Writ (legal document that meant people would get burned) was issued by the Lord Chancellor condemning them to the flames
-the burnings were carried out by the local authorities
-many of them taking place in Smithfield London in Edmund Bonner’s diocese
What were people opinions of the burnings?
-some people profited from the burnings->cherry pickers supplied their cherries like popcorn for people to eat while they watch
-evidence of people crying at the scenes
-burnings had to happen at certain times to avoid a rebellion
What did John Foxe do which could alter the amount of burnings counted?
-he counted Mary’s burnings twice in his book of Martyrs
What was evidence to the unpopularity of the burnings in the South East? Why?
-many letters were sent to the Justices of Peace (JPs) in the South urging action
-London magistrates had to order the burnings to take place early in the day so that numbers and distribution was reduced
-in the South East it was mostly Protestants and it was closer to London
How did Pole’s idea of Visitations help Mary in trying to reform the Catholic Church?
-Pole encouraged the Bishops to make regular visitations to their dioceses to check on finances and discipline of the Clergy
How did the London Synod of 1555 help Mary reform the Catholic Church?
-drew up the Twelve Decrees of Discipline ->spelt out the necessity of all Parish Priests being resident and sought to put an end to other abuses such as Priests having more that one Parish and Nepotism where Parishes were given to Priests according to who they knew rather than on the basis of merit
How did Pole’s New Publications help Mary and reform the Catholic Church?
-Pole commissioned some new publications to help the Clergy->a newly edited Catholic New Testament, a new Book of Homilies and new Catechism ->never had much chance to be implemented
How did Pole’s Clerical Education help Mary reform the Catholic Church?
-Pole believed in the need for Clerical education->Bishops went on visitations and he wanted them to report on learning among schoolmasters and the Clergy themselves
-he wanted seminaries to be established in the Cathedrals ->Cathedral schools were to be founded or reformed at Durum, Lincoln, Wells and York
-on the death of Gardiner in 1556 Pole replaced him as the Chancellor of Cambridge University->provided a tangible link between the Government and the Universities
-the latter were to present Bishops with lists of men suitable for benefices
What were the weaknesses in Pole’s actions in terms of bringing about religious change?
-again Pole stressed the importance of visitations of the Universities naming the humanist Nicholas Ormenetti as a visitor to the Universities in 1555->he help to find 2 new colleges Trinity at Cambridge and St Johns at Oxford->could cause opposition
How did Pole stress the leadership of the Church was vital for restoration and sought to improve its quality along with Church practices?
-visitations
-the London Synod->Twelve Decrees of Discipline
-new publications
-Clerical education
When was England officially Catholic?
-1553
How was Pole preparing for the long term revival of Catholicism?
-he wanted seminaries to be established in every diocese to train further Priests
How did the Government influence the Laity?
-they tried to control Protestant literature and attempted to be proactive themselves->less successful
-in the area much of Protestant writing was printed abroad and smuggled into England and the existence from Edward’s reign of some 19,000 copies of the Second Prayer Book->Protestant underground could be sustained
-the Catholic Church did sponsor sermons at St Paul’s cross and pro-government writers defended the regime but the priority was to provide the Clergy with the necessary books and this hampered attempts to win the war with words
How are the reactions in the Parishes important in judging how Catholic England was in 1558?
-most evidence suggests that Catholic worship returned speedily and there is certainly evidence that changes were welcomed by many
What was restoring the Parish Church like?
-it was not cheap but evidence suggests that parishioners showed their support for the traditional religion by committing large sums of money to the process
-restoration was a huge job and it would take time but gradually it was done
-the programme might have to be phased and there were defects
-there was rapid restoration of the Mass and stone altars, high expenditure on replacing equipment, voluntary giving and Church ales
-changes were popular
Where was the most support for Catholicism in England?
-Devon and Cornwall
-North West
