Foreign policy Flashcards
Who was Charles V?
-Mary’s cousin
-Philip’s father
-the HRE
What were Mary’s foreign policy aims and what did they cause?
-ally with the Habsburgs through marriage to Philip of Spain
-restore Papal Supremacy
-caused conflict
When was Pole welcomed back into the Roman Catholic Church in the Popes name after what act and what did it lead to?
-30th November 1554
-the 2nd Act of Repeal in Jan 1555->led to Papal Supremacy
How did Papal Supremacy impact Mary’s foreign policy aims?
-Pope Julius III was the Pope when Mary came to the throne and he was replaced by Paul IV in May 1555
-very anti-Habsburg and brought England into conflict with the papacy
When did Charles V abdicated?
-October 1555-January 1556
Who were Habsburg-Valais?
-2 leading families in Spain and France
When did Charles V abdicate?
October 1555-January 1556
What effect did the abdication of Charles V have on Philip’s opinion of the importance of England?
-he now had power over Spain and he had more power in Spain than he did in England->Spain was more important to him
What was a result of Charles V’s abdication and what did it lead people to think?
-Philip II took over Spain and Charles brother Ferdinand took over Germany
-people thought that England would be a pawn of the Habsburgs and England would get dragged into wars with France
Who was Mary acting as a mediator between and when?
-France and the Habsburgs at gravelines in the spring of 1555
When did Philip leave England?
the summer of 1555
When was the truce broken between France and the Habsburgs and what caused it?
-February 1556
-after the Treaty of Vaucelles was ended
Who did Philip attack and how did this pressure England? When?
-he attacked the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV as he allied with the French
-Henry II of France countered and England immediately came under pressure to join the war supporting the Spanish
-September 1556
What effect did the alliance between France and the Papacy have on Anglo-Papal relations?
-Spain was at war with France but Mary was married to Philip->she had to choose Philip or the Pope to side with but she didn’t support either
How many troops did England send to the Netherlands and for what reason? When?
-6,000 troops had been sent to the Netherlands by England to help the trade sensitive region revisit the French attack
-January 1557
Why was the Netherlands worth defending?
-they were a trading partner
When was Philip unable to persuade Mary to support him in the war against France?
-January 1557
What did Philip return to England to press his claims for and when?
-to press his claims for funds, naval support and troops
-March 1557
What were the French openly tolerating and what rumours were spread? When?
-openly tolerating exiled English Protestants
-rumours were circulating that Henry II planned to recapture Calais
-April 1557
Who did the French support about an invasion attempt to England and when?
-French support for the invasion attempt of the Protestant exile Thomas Strafford
-April 1557
Who was Thomas Strafford?
-a Protestant exile
What did Thomas Strafford do and what was a result of this, when?
-Strafford sailed from France with French weapons and landed in Scarborough (England) but he was arrested in 3 days->no one could now oppose war with France
-April 1557
When did England declare war on France?
-7th July 1557
How did the English prepare for war with France
-navy proceeded to clear the channel and patrol the Atlantic
-garrisons in Scotland were strengthened in anticipation of pincer attack by ‘auld alliance’
-raids by the Scottish duly came in July
-troops were put on stand-by in the Calais Pale
Why did England finally declare war on France?
-because Strafford arrived in Scarborough with French weapons which posed a threat to England ->they couldn’t oppose war with France now
How many English soldiers were sent to aid the Spanish and Imperial troops fighting the French and when?
-7,000 soldiers were sent to aid the 70,000 Spanish and imperial troops fighting the French
-July 1557
What happened at the Battle of St Quentin and when?
-at the Battle of St Quentin Philip defeated Henry II with minimal support from the English
-July 1557
When did the French launce a surprise attack, when and where/on what?
January 1558
-mid winter across the frozen marshes
-Calais
Why couldn’t the 2,000 troops stand a chance against the French troops? How many French troops were there? When?
-they had not received winter reinforcements and stood no chance against the 27,000 French
How long did it take the French to capture the Calais Fortress and the whole of the Calais Pale? When?
-within 3 weeks
-January 1558
What did England do as a result in the capture of the whole of the Calais Pale and what happened? When?
-they raised an army of 7,000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack Brest ->only succeeded in capturing Le Conquet
-January 1558
What was the impact of Philips success in 1557 even due to financial exhaustion?
-made him look to bring the 40 year Habsburg-Valais conflict to an end
When and where did peace negotiations finally begin between France and Spain?
-at Cateau-Cambresis
-October 1558
What did Philip not try and recover for England?
-Calais
How did the loss of Calais impact England economically?
-loss of trade that came through the port
-the importance of staple merchants in Calais had been brought to an end by the long term decline in traditional markets
How did the loss of Calais impact England’s image and morale?
-the Kings of England had claimed the land since 1347 and its final surrender could only then be seen as humiliating abandonment of sovereign English territory
-the Protestant propagandists of Elizabeth’s reign were not slow to put forward the equation ‘Spanish marriage + Catholic policy = loss of Calais’
-morale was shaken by the loss but without the efforts of propagandists the sense of national humiliation would not have lasted for so long
How long had England had Calais?
-1347
How did the loss of Calais impact England territorially?
-Calais was the last territory on the French mainland controlled by England->gained importance from this status
-little could be achieved by maintaining it and it was only going to be a question of time before the French took the trouble to take it back
How did the loss of Calais impact England’s military?
-the Calais Pale had been used as a springboard to launch Henry VIII’s attacks in the 1520’s and 1540->but had become something of a strategic irrelevance
-it was difficult and expensive to maintain a permanent garrison there and it had become a burden as it was yet another frontier that had to be defended
What had Henry VIII used the Calais Pale as a springboard for?
-attacks in the 1520s and 1540
How did the loss of Calais impact England diplomatically?
-had often been seen as a result of the failed Anglo-Habsburg alliance
-Mary’s dependence on Spanish advisers and her slavish pursuit of Spanish-Habsburg policy was seen as betraying England’s interests
-Philip abandoned England by allowing France to keep Calais under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis->made easier by the death of Mary in November before the treaty had been signed
What Treaty did Philip sign with France allowing them to keep Calais?
-Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
What was the main impact on England economically due to the loss of Calais?
-loss of trade that came through the port->England lost some trade which was important at the time
What was the main impact on England’s image and morale due to the loss of Calais?
-shaken by the loss but without the efforts of propagandists the sense of national humiliation would have not lasted for so long->impacted Mary’s popularity and peoples pride in their country->many were humiliated
How did the loss of Calais impact France and Spain’s relationship?
-it made their relationship improve due to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis after Mary’s death ->England had lost support
When did England loose Calais?
January 1558
