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History - Tudors - Mary I > Foreign policy > Flashcards

Foreign policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Charles V?

A

-Mary’s cousin
-Philip’s father
-the HRE

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2
Q

What were Mary’s foreign policy aims and what did they cause?

A

-ally with the Habsburgs through marriage to Philip of Spain
-restore Papal Supremacy
-caused conflict

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3
Q

When was Pole welcomed back into the Roman Catholic Church in the Popes name after what act and what did it lead to?

A

-30th November 1554
-the 2nd Act of Repeal in Jan 1555->led to Papal Supremacy

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4
Q

How did Papal Supremacy impact Mary’s foreign policy aims?

A

-Pope Julius III was the Pope when Mary came to the throne and he was replaced by Paul IV in May 1555
-very anti-Habsburg and brought England into conflict with the papacy

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5
Q

When did Charles V abdicated?

A

-October 1555-January 1556

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6
Q

Who were Habsburg-Valais?

A

-2 leading families in Spain and France

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7
Q

When did Charles V abdicate?

A

October 1555-January 1556

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8
Q

What effect did the abdication of Charles V have on Philip’s opinion of the importance of England?

A

-he now had power over Spain and he had more power in Spain than he did in England->Spain was more important to him

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9
Q

What was a result of Charles V’s abdication and what did it lead people to think?

A

-Philip II took over Spain and Charles brother Ferdinand took over Germany
-people thought that England would be a pawn of the Habsburgs and England would get dragged into wars with France

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10
Q

Who was Mary acting as a mediator between and when?

A

-France and the Habsburgs at gravelines in the spring of 1555

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11
Q

When did Philip leave England?

A

the summer of 1555

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12
Q

When was the truce broken between France and the Habsburgs and what caused it?

A

-February 1556
-after the Treaty of Vaucelles was ended

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13
Q

Who did Philip attack and how did this pressure England? When?

A

-he attacked the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV as he allied with the French
-Henry II of France countered and England immediately came under pressure to join the war supporting the Spanish
-September 1556

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14
Q

What effect did the alliance between France and the Papacy have on Anglo-Papal relations?

A

-Spain was at war with France but Mary was married to Philip->she had to choose Philip or the Pope to side with but she didn’t support either

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15
Q

How many troops did England send to the Netherlands and for what reason? When?

A

-6,000 troops had been sent to the Netherlands by England to help the trade sensitive region revisit the French attack
-January 1557

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16
Q

Why was the Netherlands worth defending?

A

-they were a trading partner

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17
Q

When was Philip unable to persuade Mary to support him in the war against France?

A

-January 1557

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18
Q

What did Philip return to England to press his claims for and when?

A

-to press his claims for funds, naval support and troops
-March 1557

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19
Q

What were the French openly tolerating and what rumours were spread? When?

A

-openly tolerating exiled English Protestants
-rumours were circulating that Henry II planned to recapture Calais
-April 1557

20
Q

Who did the French support about an invasion attempt to England and when?

A

-French support for the invasion attempt of the Protestant exile Thomas Strafford
-April 1557

21
Q

Who was Thomas Strafford?

A

-a Protestant exile

22
Q

What did Thomas Strafford do and what was a result of this, when?

A

-Strafford sailed from France with French weapons and landed in Scarborough (England) but he was arrested in 3 days->no one could now oppose war with France
-April 1557

23
Q

When did England declare war on France?

A

-7th July 1557

24
Q

How did the English prepare for war with France

A

-navy proceeded to clear the channel and patrol the Atlantic
-garrisons in Scotland were strengthened in anticipation of pincer attack by ‘auld alliance’
-raids by the Scottish duly came in July
-troops were put on stand-by in the Calais Pale

25
Q

Why did England finally declare war on France?

A

-because Strafford arrived in Scarborough with French weapons which posed a threat to England ->they couldn’t oppose war with France now

26
Q

How many English soldiers were sent to aid the Spanish and Imperial troops fighting the French and when?

A

-7,000 soldiers were sent to aid the 70,000 Spanish and imperial troops fighting the French
-July 1557

27
Q

What happened at the Battle of St Quentin and when?

A

-at the Battle of St Quentin Philip defeated Henry II with minimal support from the English
-July 1557

28
Q

When did the French launce a surprise attack, when and where/on what?

A

January 1558
-mid winter across the frozen marshes
-Calais

29
Q

Why couldn’t the 2,000 troops stand a chance against the French troops? How many French troops were there? When?

A

-they had not received winter reinforcements and stood no chance against the 27,000 French

30
Q

How long did it take the French to capture the Calais Fortress and the whole of the Calais Pale? When?

A

-within 3 weeks
-January 1558

31
Q

What did England do as a result in the capture of the whole of the Calais Pale and what happened? When?

A

-they raised an army of 7,000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack Brest ->only succeeded in capturing Le Conquet
-January 1558

32
Q

What was the impact of Philips success in 1557 even due to financial exhaustion?

A

-made him look to bring the 40 year Habsburg-Valais conflict to an end

33
Q

When and where did peace negotiations finally begin between France and Spain?

A

-at Cateau-Cambresis
-October 1558

34
Q

What did Philip not try and recover for England?

A

-Calais

35
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact England economically?

A

-loss of trade that came through the port
-the importance of staple merchants in Calais had been brought to an end by the long term decline in traditional markets

36
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact England’s image and morale?

A

-the Kings of England had claimed the land since 1347 and its final surrender could only then be seen as humiliating abandonment of sovereign English territory
-the Protestant propagandists of Elizabeth’s reign were not slow to put forward the equation ‘Spanish marriage + Catholic policy = loss of Calais’
-morale was shaken by the loss but without the efforts of propagandists the sense of national humiliation would not have lasted for so long

37
Q

How long had England had Calais?

A

-1347

38
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact England territorially?

A

-Calais was the last territory on the French mainland controlled by England->gained importance from this status
-little could be achieved by maintaining it and it was only going to be a question of time before the French took the trouble to take it back

39
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact England’s military?

A

-the Calais Pale had been used as a springboard to launch Henry VIII’s attacks in the 1520’s and 1540->but had become something of a strategic irrelevance
-it was difficult and expensive to maintain a permanent garrison there and it had become a burden as it was yet another frontier that had to be defended

40
Q

What had Henry VIII used the Calais Pale as a springboard for?

A

-attacks in the 1520s and 1540

41
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact England diplomatically?

A

-had often been seen as a result of the failed Anglo-Habsburg alliance
-Mary’s dependence on Spanish advisers and her slavish pursuit of Spanish-Habsburg policy was seen as betraying England’s interests
-Philip abandoned England by allowing France to keep Calais under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis->made easier by the death of Mary in November before the treaty had been signed

42
Q

What Treaty did Philip sign with France allowing them to keep Calais?

A

-Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

43
Q

What was the main impact on England economically due to the loss of Calais?

A

-loss of trade that came through the port->England lost some trade which was important at the time

44
Q

What was the main impact on England’s image and morale due to the loss of Calais?

A

-shaken by the loss but without the efforts of propagandists the sense of national humiliation would have not lasted for so long->impacted Mary’s popularity and peoples pride in their country->many were humiliated

45
Q

How did the loss of Calais impact France and Spain’s relationship?

A

-it made their relationship improve due to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis after Mary’s death ->England had lost support

46
Q

When did England loose Calais?

A

January 1558

History - Tudors - Mary I (9 decks)

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