Religion, renewal and choice Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Davie argue? (3)

A

Religion is not declining but it is taking a more privatised form.
There are now vicarious religions which is where you can do religion through someone else.
Spiritual Health Service - like the NHS, people attend church when they need to.

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2
Q

What are criticisms of believing without belonging? (2)

A

They are evidence of a nostalgic committment to religion and shows that religious beliefs are declining.
Too broad, making it hard to generalise and quantify.

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3
Q

What did Hervieu-Leger argue? (2)

A

People are now spiritual shoppers and can pick and mix different beliefs and religions so it suits their needs.
There is now cultural amnesia.

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4
Q

What are criticisms of spiritual shopping? (2)

A

Bruce: problem of scale, growing in numbers, it would need to be on a much larger scale to fill the gap by the decline of institutionalised religions.
Spiritual shopping can be inconsistent, it can die out whereas traditional religions don’t. Spiritual shopping has a lifespan.

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5
Q

What did Lyon argue?

A

Religious ideas are now disembedded which means that the media lifts them out of physical churches and mves them into a different place or time.
They are also de-institutionalised where it is detached from its place.

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6
Q

What is televangalism?

A

Technology has allowed them to take part in practices.

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7
Q

What is re-enchantment? (2)

A

Revival or renewal of magical ways of religious thinking and there is a spiritual revolution taking place.
Kendal project - people are now focusing on the hollist milleu (mind, body, soul). Ancient practices are being revived to help people heal.

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8
Q

What are strengths of disembedded religion? (2)

A

Religion is now individualised.
Increased diversity of religious beliefs.

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9
Q

What are criticisms of disembedded religion? (2)

A

This could be a form of making money
Re-enchantment involved weak committments.

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10
Q

What do Stark and Bainbridge argue? (3)

A

Religious market theory.
Religious market theory = religion is increasingly popular in nations where this is religious pluralism.
They see secularisation as eurocentric because it only explains the decline in religion in Europe and not other parts of the world.

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11
Q

What assumptions is the religious market theory based on? (4)

A

People are naturally religious and religion meets human needs.
It is human nature to seek rewards and avoid costs.
People are naturally rational.
Religious pluralism increases participation.

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12
Q

What are criticisms of the religious market theory? (4)

A

Beckford: It is unsociological to assume that people are naturally religious.
Countries like Hollan and Australia have a big supply of religion but these countries are less religious.
Competition has weakened religion in the USA or religions undergo disneyfication.
Not a global theory because it only applies to the USA and cannot explain religiosity in other non-western societies.

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13
Q

What do Norris and Inglehart argue? (3)

A

Existential secuirty theory.
Religiosity depends on how safe you feel in the society you live in. So, societies where people feel secure have a low level of demand for religion.
The demand for religion is not contant but varies within societies.

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14
Q

What are conclusions of the secularisation thesis? (3)

A

It is impossible to say with certainty that secularisation is occurring.
It is doubtful that religion will disappear because it is a human need and people need comforting.
Woodhead notes that the UK is both secular and religious.

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15
Q

What does Giddens argue about religion? (3)

A

People have become more reflexive and they are conscious about their choices and who they want to be.
People now face a personal meaningless where they are in a moral vacuum.
Some people may return back to fundamentalist religions because of strict moral codes of behaviour etc.

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16
Q

What does Bauman argue?

A

Religion can be part of this consumption.
But people also have life projects like plastic surgery which is called a process of self-constitution where people want to have an image of themselves.

17
Q

How does Rihanna support Bauman?

A

She is constantly reinventing herself.
She has gone from the ‘girl next door’ to representing herself as an independent, talented woman.

18
Q

What did Lyon argue? (3)

A

ICT and globalisation has affected religion.
People are exposed to lots of beliefs making it hard ot have one fixed religion.
Consumerism: People are free to choose what they want to do (privatisation of religion)
Increased in geographical mobility and travel. We now have a global identity which opens up a range of possible beliefs for people.
There is now a sphere of consumption so people can pick and choose their own aspects of religion.

19
Q

How does the cross relate to postmodernism?

A

Shows the commodification of religion since the cross is now used for jewellery and decorations.

20
Q

What is hybridity?

A

A mix of two or more ideas in religion. So, two or more religious beliefs.

21
Q

What group can link to hybridity? (3)

A

The kittens.
The main religion is Islam but they empower women and they are believed to be best at the expressive role.
They target women from wealthy families because they can afford plastic surgery.

22
Q

What do Heelas and Woodhead argue? (2)

A

There is now an increased focus on spirituality where they are trying to re-mystify the world.
The new age is de-traditionalised as it rejects established religions like Christianity.

23
Q

How does Lyotard support Heelas and Woodhead?

A

Postmodernism rejects metanarratives which includes science and religion.

24
Q

What are strengths of postmodernism? (4)

A

The Postmodernist view is more relevant to contemporary society.
Very inclusive
Recognises the growth of NAM’s and NRM’s.
Recognises religious diversity.

25
Q

What are criticisms of postmodernism? (3)

A

Sacredness of religion can be lost.
There is no structure, you need weekly committment.
Consumerism and commercialisation. Religion is supposed to be free and accesible to everyone.