Religion In Society Flashcards

Question

How do places of worship make women subordinate and what theorist links to this idea?

Answer 1

They often segregate sexes and marginalise women (e.g. sitting them behind screen while men occupy the central more sacred places). Women’s participation may also be restricted Holm- describes this as the devaluation of women in religion

Answer 2

They largely feature the doings of male Gods, prophets, etc, and are usually written and interpreted by men, stories often reflect anti-female stereotypes, such so that of Eve who caused the fall in the Garden of Eden

Answer 3

Many give women fewer rights than men. Many religions legitimate and regulate women’s traditional domestic and reproductive role Woodhead- the exclusion if women from the Catholic priesthood is evidence of the church’s deep unease about the emancipation of women generally

Answer 4

It is an ideology that creates a false class consciousness It is an ideological state apparatus that maintains the socio-economic inequalities in society It encourages oriole to accept their suffering as ‘divine’ and promises them false rewards in heaven It also sees mattering success as a sign of God’s favour and further endangers the class divide It also quells rebellion by preventing its followers taking action as all things are seen as ‘God’s will’ It therefore maintains social control and prevents social change In a communist society there would be no religion as there would be no ideology to disseminate

Answer 5

Religion is a tool that the patriarchy use to maintain their social control and for the benefit of men Simone de Beauvoir- the second sex- men use religion to oppress and control women, created a false consciousness that women see themselves as second class citizens whilst also believing that they are being treated as equals to men Mary Daly- language of the Father God legitimates male supremacy and oppression of women- “as God is male the male becomes God”

Answer 6

Religious institutions are patriarchal as they are part if the patriarchal society. They created a ‘stained glass ceiling’ that prevents women from being liberated and empowered Nawal El Saadawi- Islam developed in areas if the world which already had extremely patriarchal social structures

Answer 7

Religion is an ideological tool that maintains the capitalist nature of society. Religions are used to maintain women’s low status so they can continue to give their unpaid labour to the system Nawal El Saadawi- revolutions are generally beneficial to women

Answer 8

Hijabs should not be viewed as simply an oppressive symbol, but rather it can also be seen as empowering for Muslim women Wearing a hijab can act as an assertion of power for women allowing them to reclaim authority of their own bodies while also challenging traditional gender roles by asserting their right to participate in public life without fear or shame

Answer 9

Women were central to many spiritual traditions in early history One common representation is of the Mother Goodness as a pregnant women, which places fertility as central to early spirituality Female figured began to be written out of religion with the acceptance of monotheism

Answer 10

Female oppression in the Arab world is not caused by Islam but by the patriarchal systems that existed before Islam Religion isn’t the direct cause of women’s oppression, instead it is the patriarchal influences that reshape religion to suit the interests of men

Answer 11

It is pessimistic as it only looks at the negatives of religion rather than the benefits Secularisation — religion is declining in power by capitalist values are still successful Narrow focus — only acknowledges the ideological nature and ignores the other features Feminism — it ignores patriarchal nature of religion and its promotion of gender inequality Christo-centric — heavily only applies to Abrahamic faiths Religion and communism — Marx said religion wouldn’t exist in communist societies but China’s predicted to be the worlds most Christian nation by 2030

Answer 12

Our dreams of a better life that contain images of utopia - images of utopia can deceive people with promises of rewards like heaven

Answer 13

Change society, e.g. priests set out to establish support groups called ‘base communities’, and helped workers and peasants fight oppression under the protection of the church

Answer 14

It is the ideological domination of leadership of society and is used to refer to the way that the ruling cksss use ideas such as religion to maintain social control Gramsci

Answer 15

Haleny argues that the rise of non-Christian churches is the reason Britain did not see the w/c revolution of the 18-19thC In 2014 50% if the serving Bishops who’s schools were known were privately educated 42% of CofE bishops went to Oxbridge

Answer 16

CofE calls out governmental policies that promote austerity and tax avoidance. This means that they are fighting against the corporate elite

Answer 17

Large organisation, often with millions of members such as the Catholic Church, run by a bureaucratic hierarchy of professional priests, and they claim a monopoly of the truth

Answer 18

Religious organisation that lies midway between churches and sects. Unlike both churches and sects, they are tolerant of other religious organisations and beliefs and do not claim a monopoly of the truth

Answer 19

Small, exclusive groups. They are hostile to wider society and expect a high level of commitment. They draw their members from the poor and oppressed and are led by a charismatic leader rather than a bureaucratic hierarchy

Answer 20

Loose-knit and usually small religious organisations spiritual groups of individuals with similar interests. They lack a sharply defined belief system and are tolerant of other beliefs. Often led by ‘practitioners’ or ‘therapists’ who claim special knowledge. Those who take part are more like clients or consumers over members

Answer 21

Claim a monopoly of the truth Usually associated with the state Has professional clergy

Answer 22

Works alongside other religions and usually accepting of religious pluralism World accomplishing religious movement

Answer 23

Focused on individual spiritual development Financial buy in

Answer 24

Claim a monopoly of the truth Also known as world rejecting movement Demand total loyalty and are completely exclusive

Answer 25

Social movements that aim to alter existing religious organisations or establish new religious groups

Answer 26

Changing values Changing social structures Change to the role and character of religion

Answer 27

W/c Migrants Women The young

Answer 28

Audience cults — low level, low commitment, no mass organisation Client cults — larger level of commitment (financial) Cult movements — world rejecting, massively organised, large following, high commitment

Answer 29

Religious practises that focus on individual spiritual growth and development. Often shared vid courses and seminars at a financial cost. They use social media to gain followers

Answer 30

Pick ‘n’ mix Individuals can have overlapping memberships- can go from one ‘self-religion’ to the next

Answer 31

Constructionist = how followers define it Substantive = define religion by its substance Functional = what it does

Answer 32

The appeal is part if a shift towards a post modern society People have lost faith in experts and professionals and are disillusioned with the churches failure to meet their spiritual needs so they turns to NAMs

Answer 33

Growth of NAMs is a feature if the latest phase if modern society Notes that NAMs are often softer versions of more demanding Eastern religions

Answer 34

Says NAMs and modernity are linked in four ways: A source of identity Consumer culture Rapid social change Decline of organised religion

Answer 35

Self-spirituality — new agers seeking the spiritual have turned away from traditional ‘external’ religions such as churches and instead look inside themselves to find it Detraditionalisation — the rejection of spiritual authority if external traditional sources. Instead it values personal experience and believes that we can discover the truth for ourselves within ourselves

Answer 36

refers to how religious someone is

Answer 37

* regular attendance ata place of worship * identifying with a particular belief system or movement * practicing the religion * dedication to their belief

Answer 38

The process wherby religious thinking, practices and institutions lose social significance

Answer 39

* too broad and hard to categorise * what religions do we measure this by? * to what degree do we measure social significance?

Answer 40

Social condition manifest in a) declining importance of religions in non-religious institutions b) decline in the social standing of religious institutions c) decline in the extent to which people engage in religious practices

Answer 41

is engaging in religious practices the only way to be religious?

Answer 42

its a response to the rationalisation of the world. As people moved away from the mystical and magical explanations of the world religion offered, religion lost its function in the world

Answer 43

you believe in a religion but you don't belong to the organisation. people are more likely to believe in the essense of religion but not the creed of religion

Answer 44

* by not being religious people are risking that religion is right and they will be condemned to hell * women are more religious because they are socialised to e more passive, obedient, and caring which are qualities valued by religions * womens gender roles means that they are more likely to work part time or be full time careers so can organise their time to participate in religious activities

Answer 45

* **Bruce** argues that women's religiosity is a result of their lower levels of involvement in paid work

Answer 46

* NAMs often celebrate the 'natural' and involve cults pf healing, which gives women a higher status of self-worth * Bruce argues that women's experience of child-rearing makes them less aggressive and goal oriented, and are more cooperative and caring * Brown argues that New Age 'self' religions attract women recruits because they appeal to women's wish for autonomy

Answer 47

* Bruce estimates that there are twice as many women as men involved in sects * Starck and Bainbridge argue that people may participate in sects because they offer compensatrs for organismatic, ethical and social deprivation

Answer 48

* pentecostal women can use the ideas such as having a ascentic (self-denying)lifestyle to combat the widespread culture of manchism in latin America

Answer 49

* Bruce argues that religion offers support and a sense of cultural identity in uncertain or hostile environments * Bird notes tat among minorities, religion can be a basis for community solidarity, a means of preserving one's culture and language, and a way of coping with opression in a racist society

Answer 50

* Bruce argues that religion can be a means of easing the transition into a new culture by providing support and a sense of community for minority groups in their new environment

Answer 51

* Voas and Crockett suggest this * its the view that people turn to religion as they get older * as we approach death we 'naturally' become more interested in the afterlife and are more likely to go to church

Answer 52

* people born during a particular period may be more or less likely to be religious because of particular events they have lived through

Answer 53

* as religion declines in importance, each generation becomes less religious than the one before it

Answer 54

* religion wasn't very important in the past and still remains unimportant today * this means that they suggest that society isn't becoming secular because religion was never really important

Answer 55

* new age religions appeal more to younger people * people might belong to multiple new age religions, so not necessarily easy to measure * new age religions are about the private spiritual growth, so cannot be recorded in the same way as traditional religions

Answer 56

1. capitalism led to urbanisation - people living in close conditions and this undermined the social control the clergy had over them 2. social differentiation - state agencies have taken over the roles that religion used to play in society 3. impersonal bureaucratic rules - people now believe in the meritocracy rather than God ordering their lives

Answer 57

refers to the adherence to a religion's most traditional values and beliefs - a return to the basics or fundamental tenets of the faith

Answer 58

how society has become more interconnected across the world, economically, culturally and politically

Answer 59

1. increased migration 2. increased use of technology 3. spread of liberal western values

Answer 60

growth in religious pluralism causes people to return to fundamental practices to protect against imposing westernisation

Answer 61

economic growth of globalisation has caused social differentiation that undermines the role of religion

Answer 62

a way of thinking that embraces modernity and is in keeping with today's globalising world

Answer 63

* an authoritative text * an 'us and them' mentality * agressive reaction * modern technology * patriarchy * prophecy * conspiracy theory

Answer 64

* cosmopolitanism * growing interconnectedness via media * globalisation * religious pluralism * changes in the position of women * mass migration * economic instability * rise of scientific thinking and rationalisation * moral decline * technological changes * WW1 & WW2

Answer 65

* Wahhabism * Westborough Baptist Church * ISIS

Answer 66

* the worship of Hindu gods has become the same as worshipping the nation of India * Hinduism has become a civil religion * Hinduism has penetrated public life, so that the supposedly secular state is increasingly influenced eligion

Answer 67

* the revolution of 1979 brought the creation of the Islamic Republic, in which clerics held state poer and were able to impose Islamic Sharia Law * during the 60s and 70s Shah of Iran's successor embarked on a policy of modernisation and westernisation. this included banning the veil and replacing the Muslim calendar

Answer 68

* Berger argues that pentecostalism in Latin America acts as a 'functional equivalent' to Weber's protestant ethic * Lehmann attributes the success of pentecostalism as a global religion in part to its ability to incorporate local beliefs * pentecostalism has been successful in developing countries because it is able to appeal to the poor who make up the majority of the population, and because it uses global media to spread its message

Religion In Society Flashcards

(93 cards)