Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

1
Q

Primary socialisation

A

Takes place in the early years of life and occurs largely within the family, where we learn language, basic skills, and norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Takes place later at school and in wider society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Postmodernism

A

An approach in sociology, as well as in other subjects, which stresses that society is changing so rapidly and consistently that it is marked by chaos, uncertainty and risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Social stratification

A

Society’s categorisation of its people into groups and the relative social position of these groups within wider society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meritocracy

A

Everyone has an equal opportunity to develop their talents and abilities and achieve their ambitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

External factors
Definition and examples

A

Factors outside of the school
E.g.
Poverty
Family background
Health
Social class
Learning disabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Internal factors
Definition and examples

A

Factors within schools and the education system
E.g.
Class sizes
Interactions between pupils and teachers
Inequalities between schools
Teacher favouritism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cultural deprivation

A

The idea that young people fail in education because of supposed cultural deficiencies in their home and family background, such as inadequate socialisation, failings in pre-school learning it inappropriate attitude or values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Hubbs-Tait eat al find about parents language?

A

When parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who created speech codes and what are they?

A

Bernstein
Restricted code= speech codes typically used by w/c. Has limited speech
Elaborated code= speech code used by m/c and schools. Has wider and more complex vocabulary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Douglas say is the most important factor that explains educational success or failure?

A

The degree of parental interest and encouragement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Bernstein and Young say m/c mothers were more likely to do for their children?

A

By educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four key w/c subculture features that Sugarman argues act as a barrier to educational achievement?

A
  1. Fatalism- whatever will be will be
  2. Collectivism- valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
  3. Immediate gratification- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
  4. Present-time orientation- seeing the present as more important than the future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the aim of compensatory education?

A

To tackle cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of compensatory education

A

Operation Head Start in USA- its aim was ‘planned enrichment’ of the deprived child’s environment to develop skills and instil achievement motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Keddie criticise cultural deprivation?

A

She argues that cultural deprivation is just victim blaming. She argues that w/c children are not deprived they just have a different culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Material deprivation

A

A lack of resources and a lack of the ability to purchase goods and services, compared with other members of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Material deprivations direct and indirect effects in education

A

Direct- materials for school, privation tuition, etc
Indirect- housing, diet, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can housing affect educational achievement?

A

Poor housing can affect pupils’ achievement- e.g. overcrowding means that the pupil will not have space to study and may find it harder to sleep reducing their concentration, there is also a greater risk to accidents
In damp and cold houses there is a greater risk of mould which will make the child ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Howard say about how diet and health can have an affect on educational achievement?

A

Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins,and minerals. This can weaken their immune system and cause them to fall ill easier. If they are always ill they have to take off time from school which will make them less likely to achieve in education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can financial support and the costs of education affect educational achievement for pupils who are materially deprived?

A

Lack of financial support means that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out experiences that would enhance their educational achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percentage of children do not take free school meals due to the stigmatisation according to Flaherty?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the reasons why w/c students were less likely to go to uni or choose to go to local unis?

A

Fear of debt
Want to live at home to relieve the financial burden of accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cultural capital and who came up with it?

A

Cultural capital is having the skills, knowledge, norms and values which can be used to get ahead in education and life more generally
Bordieu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is labelling?

A

When a teacher attaches a label to a student due to typification (stereotypes based on ‘common sense’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is self fulfilling prophecy?

A

When a student internalises a label given to them by a teacher and acts according to that label

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Streaming

A

It involves separating children into different ability groups or classes called ‘streams’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What link did Becker find between labelling at steaming?

A

Teachers don’t usually see w/c children as the ideal pupil so tend to put them into lower streams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did Douglas find about the effects of streaming?

A

Children placed in lower streams aged 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ score by aged 11 whereas those placed in a higher stream aged 8 had improved their IQ by aged 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the educational triage?

A

When schools categorise students into there types:
- Will pass
- Might pass
- Hopeless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Differentiation- what is it and who came up with it?

A

An idea created by Lacy to explain how pupil subcultures develop

It is the process of teachers categorising pupils according to their ability, attitude and/or behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Polarisation- what is it and who came up with it?

A

An idea created by Lacy to explain how pupil subcultures develop

It is the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a pro-school subculture?

A

Pupils placed in higher streams tend to remain committed to the values of the school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an anti-school subculture?

A

Those paced in lower streams suffer a loss of self-esteem because the school has undermined their self-worth by placing them in a position of inferior status
The label of failure pushes them to search for alternative ways to gain status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do w/c pupils invest in ‘Nike’ identities?

A

They do this because of their educational marginalisation by the school and to also express their positive preference for a particular lifestyle

36
Q

What did Fernstein find about educated parents and their commitment to their child’s education?

A

Educated parents make a positive contribution to child’s achievement, regardless of their income level

37
Q

What are the external explanations of ethnic differences in education?

A
  • Intellectual and linguistic skills
  • Attitudes and values
  • Family structure and parental support
38
Q

How is intellectual and linguistic skills an external explanation for ethnic differences in education?

A

Many children from low income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences

Example:
Bereiter and Engelmann consider language spoken by low income black American families as inadequate for educational success

39
Q

How is attitudes and values an external explanation for ethnic differences in education?

A

A lack of motivation is a major cause of failure in black children

Example:
Some cultural deprivation theorists argue that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instals a fatalistic attitude

40
Q

How is the family structure and parental support an external explanation for ethnic differences in education?

A

The failure to socialise children adequately is the result of a dysfunctional family structure

Example:
Sewell argues that it is not the absence of fathers as role models that leads to black boys underachieving but instead the problem is a lack of fatherly nurturing

41
Q

What do Gillborn and Youdell say about teachers and stereotyping?

A

Teachers have ‘racialised expectations’ based on racial stereotypes

42
Q

What did Bourne and Osler say about schools views of black boys?

A

They are seen as a threat so are more likely to suffer from official and unofficial exclusions

43
Q

What did the black girls do in Fullers study?

A

They rejected their labels and still succeeded while refusing to conform to

44
Q

Institutional racism

A

A form of discrimination within organisations that unfairly disadvantages ethnic minorities through its structures, systems and/or policies

45
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

A worldview in which other cultures are see. Through the eyes of one’s own culture, with a devaluing of the others

46
Q

Marketisation

A

Used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1989s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local governments

47
Q

What is the ethnocentric curriculum?

A

A curriculum that reflects the culture is one ethnic group- usually the dominant culture

48
Q

How has feminism and women’s liberation affected girls education?

A

It has affected girls self image and ambitions with regard to the family and careers. In turn, this may explain improvements in their educational achievements

49
Q

How have demographic changes in the family affected girls education?

A

Affected girls attitudes to education. E.g. there is an increased number of female-headed lone-parent families which means more women are taking on the breadwinner role. This creates a new adult role model for girls which will help them with this independence and getting high pain jobs

50
Q

How have changes in women’s employment affected girls education?

A

It encourages girls to see their future in terms of paid work rather than housewives. Greater career opportunities and better lay fit women with successful role models provides an incentive for girls to gain qualifications

51
Q

How have girl’s changing ambitions affected girls education?

A

Many girls recognise that they need a good education to achieve independence in later life

52
Q

What are the external factors that can affect girls achievement in education?

A
  • Feminism and women’s liberation
  • Demographic changes in the family
  • Changes in women’s employment
  • Girls’ changing ambitions
53
Q

What are the internal factors that can affect girls achievement in education?

A
  • Equal opportunities policies
  • Positive role models in schools
  • GCSE & coursework
  • Teacher attention
  • Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum
  • Selection and league tables
54
Q

How can equal opportunities policies affect girls in education?

A

The belief that boys and girls are entitled to the same opportunities is now part of mainstream thinking and everyday life
GIST (girls into science and technology) and WISE (women into science and engineering) encourage girls to pursue careers in these non-traditional areas

55
Q

How can positive roles models in schools affect girls in education?

A

Women in senior positions may act as role models for girls, showing them women can achieve positions of importance and giving them non- traditional goals to aim for

56
Q

How can GCSE and coursework affect girls in education?

A

Changes in the way pupils are assessed have favoured girls and disadvantaged boys

57
Q

How can teacher attention affect girls in education?

A

French when analysing classroom interaction found that boys received more attention because they attracted more reprimands
Swann found gender differences in communication styles- boys dominate in whole-class discussion whereas girls prefer pair work and group work

58
Q

How can challenging stereotypes in the curriculum affect girls in education?

A

Removal of gender stereotypes from textbooks, reading schemes and other learning materials,s in recent years had removed a barrier to girls’ achievement

59
Q

How can selection and league tables affect girls in education?

A

Marketisation policies have created a more competitive climate in which schools see girls as desirable and recruits because they achieve better exam results

60
Q

Symbolic capital

A

Refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth that we are able to obtain from others

61
Q

How can literacy and language skills affect boys in education?

A

According to the DCSF the gender gap is mainly the result of boys poorer literacy and language skills. This could be because parents are likely to spend less time reading to their sons
Boys leisure pursuits, such as football, do little to help to develop their language and communication skills

Thus means that poor language and literacy skills are likely to affect boys’ performance across a wide range of subjects

62
Q

How can the decline of traditional men’s jobs affect boys in education?

A

Since the 1980s there has been a significant decline in heavy industries such as iron and steel, shipbuilding, mining and engineering due to globalisation
Mitsos and Browne claim that this decline in male employment opportunities has led to an ‘identity crisis for men’

This means that many boys believe they have little prospect of getting a proper job which reduces their motivation and self-esteem

63
Q

How can the feminisation of education affect boys in education?

A

Schools do not nurture ‘masculine’ traits such as competitiveness and leadership
Sewell sees coursework as a major cause of gender differences in achievement. He argues that some coursework should be reproduced with final exams and a greater emphasis placed in outdoor adventure in the curriculum

This means that schools may alienate boys by making them feel undervalued and not accepted within the school

64
Q

How could the lack of male role models affect boys in education?

A

39% of 8-11 year old boys have no lessons with a male teacher
Most boys surveyed said that the presence of a male teacher made them behave better and 42% said it make them work harder

65
Q

How can peer labelling and subcultures affect boys in education?

A

The growth of ‘laddish’ subcultures has contributed to boys’ underachievement
Francis- boys were more concerned about being labelled by peers than girls

66
Q

What did Leonard friend about the difference between gendered subject choice in mixed versus single sex schools?

A

Compared to pupils in mixed schools, girls in girls’ schools were more likely to take maths and science A-levels, which boys in boys’ schools were more likely to take English and languages

67
Q

What does Norman find about the differences in socialisation for girls and boys?

A

From and early age boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys and encouraged to take part in different activities

68
Q

What percentage of women’s employment falls within only four categories: clerical, secretarial, personal services and occupations such as cleaning?

A

50%

69
Q

What is structuralism?

A

A macro top down approach that manipulates the behaviour of individuals

70
Q

What is internationalism?

A

A micro bottom up approach where individual behaviour and interactions create and shape society

71
Q

What are Durkheim two main functions of education?

A
  1. Social solidarity= individual members must feel themselves to be part of a community. School acts as a ‘society in miniature’; preparing us for like in wider society
  2. Specialist skills= modern industrial economies have a complex division of labour, where the production of even a single item usually involves the cooperation of many different specialists. Education teaches individuals specialist knowledge and skills
72
Q

For Parsons, how does school acts as a bridge between the family and wider society?

A

It is the ‘focal socialising agency’ in modern society

73
Q

For Davis and Moore, how does the education system ‘sift and sort’ us into appropriate roles within society?

A

It ‘sift and sorts’ us according to out ability to ensure that the most able gain the highest qualifications , which then gives them entry to the most important and highly rewarded positions

74
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A

An economic theory which believes that the ‘free market’ in capitalist economies id the best basis for organising society

75
Q

Privatisation

A

Selling to private companies industries that had been owned by the government

76
Q

Deregulation

A

Removing restrictions on businesses and employers. Reducing the amount of ‘red tape’ by which companies have to abide

77
Q

What are the five key ideas associated with new right thinking?

A
  1. Intro of free market policies
  2. Reduced spending by the state
  3. And emphasis on individual freedom and responsibility
  4. A strong ate in terms of upholding law and order
  5. A stress on the importance of traditional institutions and values
78
Q

What is Chubb and Moe’s consumer choice?

A

To introduce a market into state education, the proposed a system where each family,t would be given a voucher to spend in buying education from an school of their choice

79
Q

What are Althussers two state apparatus’ and how do they work?

A

Ideological- maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie by controlling people ideas, values and beliefs
Repressive- maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie by force or the threat of it

80
Q

What is Bowles and Gintis’ correspondence principle?

A

The relationship and structures found in education correspond to those of work
It operates through the hidden curriculum
Prepares the w/c pupils for this role as the exploited workers of the future

81
Q

What is Bowles and Gintis’ myth of meritocracy?

A

A key myth is that education promotes meritocracy
Meritocracy means that everyone have equal opportunity to achieve and that rewards are based on ability and effort
Evidence shows that the main factor determining whether or not someone has a high income is their family and class background not their ability or educational achievement

82
Q

What is Willis’ lads’ w/c counter culture?

A

The lads from a distinct counter culture and the shop floor culture of make manual workers are similar
For Willis the irony is that by helping them resist the schools ideology, the lads’ counter culture ensures that they are destined for the unskilled work that capitalism needs someone to perform

83
Q

What are educational policies?

A

Initiatives brought in by governments that have significant impact on schools or other aspects of the education system

84
Q

What is marketisation?

A

Involves trying to get state-run services to work more like private companies where which goods or services are brought and sold in a market

85
Q

What does David describe marketised education as?

A

Parentocracy- this means ‘rule by parent’s’

86
Q

What is cream-skimming in education?

A

‘Good’ schools can be more selective, choose their own customers and recruit high achieving, mainly m/c pupils which gives these pupils an advantage

87
Q

What is silt-shifting in education?

A

‘Good’ schools can avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get poor results and damage the schools league table position

Sociology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions