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SOR2 > Religion in Pre-1945 Australia > Flashcards

Religion in Pre-1945 Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Indigenous Australians followed belief systems ____ years prior to European settlement.

A

Over 40 000

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2
Q

First known contact between Indigenous Australians and people from an outside country.

A

Muslim fishermen and traders from Indonesia

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3
Q

Which Christian denominations did European settlement bring?

A
  • Church of England (Anglican)
  • Catholic
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4
Q

When did Jewish people come to Australia?

A
  • 1788 aboard 1st fleet
  • Refugees after WW1
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5
Q

When did Buddhists come to Australia, and why?

A
  • 1848 - Chinese miners came for the gold rush
  • Immigrated from Southeast Asia after Vietnam war
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6
Q

When did Muslims and Hindus come to Australia?

A

19th century to work, but most did not stay in Australia.

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7
Q

What did the end of WW1 and changes to the White Australia Policy bring?

A
  • Flow of migrants from other countries
  • Diversification of religious affiliation
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8
Q

Where did Orthodox Christians come to Australia from?

A
  • Greece
  • Middle East
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9
Q

When did the first fleet arrive?

A

1788

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10
Q

Which church were the English convicts associated with?

A

Church of England (Anglican)

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11
Q

Which church were the Irish convicts associated with?

A

Roman Catholic

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12
Q

Who was the first chaplain to the colony of New South Wales?

A

Rev Richard Johnson, Minister of the Church of England

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13
Q

Which political and religious rivalry affected the life of the colony?

A

English and Irish

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14
Q

How were unruly colony inhabitants kept under control?

A

Harsh punishments

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15
Q

What were the instructions received by Governor Philip?

A

‘Ensure appropriate observance of religion’ in the colony

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16
Q

What was the requirement in the colony regarding religious services?

A

All people, regardless of beliefs, must attend Church of England service.

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17
Q

Why did the mandatory Church of England service attendance cause resentment?

A
  • Many of the English were not in the habit of attending church
  • Irish forced to worship a church that was not their own
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18
Q

The reputation of Christian churches was associated with…

A

Oppressive government of the colony

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19
Q

Church of England Ministers also acted as…

A

Magistrates, who judged the crimes of the colony

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20
Q

Second chaplain to the colony

A

Rev Samuel Marsden

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21
Q

What was Rev Samuel Marsden known as?

A

the ‘flogging parson’

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22
Q

When was the first church in Australia built?

A

1792

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23
Q

What now stands where the first church of Australia once was?

A

St. Philip’s Monument, Sydney

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24
Q

Who built the first school in Australia?

A

Rev Richard Johnson

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25
Q

Who taught at Australia’s first school?

A

Isabella Rosson and her husband William Richardson.

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26
Q

Who was taught at Australia’s first school?

A

Children of Corps, settlers and convicts

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27
Q

Which church worked with and had the most influence over the government?

A

Church of England

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28
Q

The Catholic Church was considered ……….. and its members were often .. ……. with English authorities

A

troublesome, in dispute

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29
Q

When was Catholicism permitted to operate formally?

A

1820

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30
Q

Provide 2 examples of Protestant church communites in Australia

A

Methodist, Presbyterian

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31
Q

Which section of the Australian Constitution safeguarded religious freedom?

A

Section 116

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32
Q

What did section 116 of the constitution separate?

A

Religion and state

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33
Q

Sectarianism

A

Rivalry or division along religious lines

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34
Q

What can sectarianism lead to?

A

Discrimination, persecution & violence

35
Q

Why was there rivalry between the Church of England and Catholics in England and Ireland?

A
  • English occupation of Ireland
  • Protestant reformation
36
Q

What were Irish catholics called by English authorities?

A

Scum

37
Q

What was an anti-catholic requirement of job positions?

A

‘Catholics need not apply’

38
Q

Why did Christian groups seek to assist the disadvantaged?

A

Central part of Christian ethos

39
Q

Who founded the Order of St. Joseph?

A
  • Sr Mary Mackillop
  • Fr Julian Tenison
40
Q

Which religious order was founded by Sr Mary Mackillop?

A

Order of St. Joseph

41
Q

When was the Order of St. Joseph founded?

A

1866

42
Q

When was the Public Instruction Act for education introduced?

A

1880

43
Q

When did Mother Esther establish the first Church of England religious order for poor women?

A

1888

44
Q

Which religious order was established in 1888 by Mother Esther?

A

The first Church of England order for poor women.

45
Q

Who founded the Bush Brotherhoods, and when?

A

Bishop Nathaniel Dawes in 1897

46
Q

What did the Bush Brotherhood do?

A

Preachers travelled on horseback to provide ministry for outback communities.

47
Q

What did the Australian Inland Mission develop, and when?

A
  • Flying Doctor Service
  • School of the Air
  • 1920s
48
Q

Which denomination did the Australian Inland Mission belong to?

A

Presbyterian

49
Q

Who arrived in Australia in 1838 and was concerned for migrant welfare?

A

Caroline Chisholm

50
Q

What did Caroline Chisholm do?

A
  • Lobbied for the needs of migrants with the Christian clergy and the government
  • Established the Female Immigrants Home
51
Q

When did Caroline Chisholm return to England, and for what purpose?

A
  • 1846
  • Assisted over 10 000 people in migrating to Australia safely
52
Q

What title did Caroline Chisholm earn?

A

The Immigrant’s Friend

53
Q

When was the Great Depression?

A

1930s

54
Q

What became apparent to church groups during the Great Depression?

A

Changes were required in state provision of social welfare.

55
Q

What did Christian churches lobby the government for during the Great Depression?

A

Introduction of employment benefits, known as ‘dole’

56
Q

Why did Christian denominatins recognise rural communities as disadvantaged?

A

They lacked access to services available in urban centres

57
Q

Who founded the Flying Doctor Service and School of the Air in the 1920s?

A

Rev John Flynn

58
Q

Which 3 key pieces of legislation were put in place regarding education, and when?

A
  • Schools Estates Corporation Charter - 1825
  • Church Act - 1836
  • Public Instruction Act - 1880
59
Q

When was the Schools Estates Corporation Charter introduced?

A

1825

60
Q

When was the Church Act introduced?

A

1836

61
Q

When was the Public Instruction Act introduced?

A

1880

62
Q

What did the Schools Estates Corporation Charter provide?

A

Resources, funding and 1/7 of colonial land grants reserved exclusively for Church of England schools

63
Q

How was the Schools Estates Corporation Charter received?

A

Not well received by non-COE religious groups:
* No provision for the education of their children
* Further enforced sectarian divide

64
Q

Who introduced the Church Act?

A

Governor Burke

65
Q

What did the Church Act provide?

A
  • ‘Pound for a pound’ subsidy for all religious schools
  • Government equaled every pound raised
66
Q

What was the deception of the Church Act?

A

Appeared to equally assist schools of all denominations, but actually reinforced Church of England dominance.

67
Q

What was the effect of the Church Act on:
* The Church of England
* The Catholics

A
  • Church of England gained greatest benefit
  • Catholics managed to take advantage of provisions despite circumstances
68
Q

Presbyterian opinion on the Church Act

A

Presbyterians opposed the Church Act.

69
Q

Methodist opinion on the Church Act

A

Pleased by the Church Act, but were opposed to Catholics receiving funding.

70
Q

How did the Church Act contribute to the urban/rural divide?

A

Rural churches suffered as they were less able to raise funds.

71
Q

Who introduced the Public Instruction Act?

A

Premier Henry Parkes

72
Q

The Public Instruction Act brought an abrupt end to ……. for …………. schools.

A

Funding
Church/denominational

73
Q

Education provided under the Public Instruction Act was …., ………., and ……..

A

Free, compulsory and secular.

74
Q

The Public Instruction Act brought the beginning of ……. ……… in Australia.

A

Public education

75
Q

What was the effect of the Public Instruction Act on Catholic schools?

A
  • Struggled to maintain education system - did not have same resources as CoE.
  • Only survived due to dedicated religious orders.
76
Q

What was the effect of the Public Instruction Act on Church of England adherents?

A
  • CoE continued some schools where parents were able to pay
  • Most belonging to CoE suppported public system instead
77
Q

What was the effect of the Public Instruction Act on the Presbyterian denomination?

A
  • Presbyterians supported public instruction
  • Believed religion & government should be separate
78
Q

Contribution of Catholic schools to post-war Australian society

A
  • Many migrated to Australia
  • Catholic schools enabled children to rapidly & successfully integrate into society
79
Q

Public Morality

A

Attempts made by conservative Christian denominations to enforce certain moral values through law/legislation.

80
Q

Sabbatarianism

A

Doctrine of Christians who believed in observation of Sunday as the Christian Sabbath.

81
Q

What was the effect of unsuccessful attempts at social control by the Church?

A

Contributed to society’s ambivalent attitude towards religion.

82
Q

What were the requirements put in place by Sabbatarianism?

A
  • Compulsory attendance of CoE services for all convicts
  • Abolition of recreational activities, servile & commercial labour on sundays.
83
Q

Effect of Sabbatarianism

A

Met with resistance from both English & Irish convicts.

SOR2 (12 decks)

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