Religion

Question 1

What year did Clodius build a shrine to the goddess liberty and why?

Answer 1

57 BC; when Cicero was exiled - Cat conspiracy

Question 2

SOURCE THIS - (our ancestors) nothing more renowned than their decision to entrust the worship of the gods and the highest interests of the state to the same men

Answer 2

Cicero, On his House, 8.2a

Question 3

Describe Horace as a source?

Answer 3

Writing under Augustus; looking back at the final decades of the republican era/religious desolation - urging new generation to restore temples and religious traditions

Question 4

SOURCE THIS - ‘you will expiate the sins of your ancestors until you have rebuilt the temples’

Answer 4

Horace - Odes - 3.6.1

Question 5

When did Augustus say he restored 82 temples

Answer 5

Res Gestae - 20

Question 6

Beard’s view on Cicero as a source?

Answer 6

Engaged participant - 1998

Question 7

Beard’s view on Livy as a source?

Answer 7

Distanced annalistic historian - 1998

Question 8

The three temples Pompey can be credited with?

Answer 8

Hercues, Minerva, Venus Victrix

Question 9

In 55 BC, Pompey dedicated some temples, what is the problem with this?

Answer 9

Part of a lavish scheme to give respectability to a place of popular entertainment

Question 10

Which deity is an ancestor of the Julii

Answer 10

Venus Genetrix

Question 11

When was the Bona Dea scadal?

Answer 11

62-61 BC

Question 12

How long was the flamen dialis inactive

Answer 12

70 years

Question 13

What was the flamen dialis?

Answer 13

Ancient priesthood of Jupiter; example of religious neglect

Question 14

Why were the rituals of war no longer appropriate?

Answer 14

Expansion

Question 15

What were the customs involving in the rituals of war?

Answer 15

Priests go to the border of rome’s territory and hurl a ritual spear into the enemy’s land

Question 16

What was evocatio?

Answer 16

Roman commander offering his home to a patron deity of an enemy - typically w/ a temple

Question 17

How did evocatio develop?

Answer 17

At the end of the republic, imperail expansion, provincial territory could be deemed roman enough to stand for rome - build temple there - steal their gods

Question 18

What does the evolution of evocatio say about Roman religion?

Answer 18

It adapted to expansion; consensus that religion belonged high up on the public agenda

Question 19

How did the gods play into political rivalry?

Answer 19

Rivals could claim privileged access to gods

Question 20

What was the Lex Ogulnia?

Answer 20

Gave plebians places in the pontifical and augural colleges

Question 21

When was the lex ogulnia?

Answer 21

300 BC

Question 22

What did patricans think of the lex ogulnia?

Answer 22

Religious contamination = bring disaster to the state

Question 23

Who were the optimates?

Answer 23

Voiced the interests of the traditional governing class

Question 24

Populares?

Answer 24

Claimed to speak for the people; mass support

Question 25

SOURCE THIS - 'walk in grandeur before the eyes of the people, some flaunting their priesthoods and consulships, just as if these were honours and not stolen goods'

Answer 25

Sallust - Jugurthine War - 31.10

Question 26

How was the pontifex maximus organised?

Answer 26

Limited form of popular election since the third century BC

Question 27

How many bills were attempted to replaced the tradition system of the pontifex maximus with a popular election?

Answer 27

Two; approved in 104 BC

Question 28

The priests of the four major colleges?

Answer 28

Pontifces, Augures, decemviri, triumviri

Question 29

The nomination process of priesthoods?

Answer 29

Popular assembly; 17 out of the 35 roman tribes

Question 30

What did the change in nomination process mean for the priests?

Answer 30

No longer had control over membership

Question 31

SOURCE THIS - ______ stresses the personal motives of Doitius - failing to co-operate into the pontifical college, reformed method of entry

Answer 31

Suetonius - Nero - 1.1

Question 32

What were the details of nominations? (priestly)

Answer 32

Each member of the college should make a nomination, no more than 2 priests could nominate the same

Question 33

What did the requirements of nominations mean for the priesthoods?

Answer 33

No college could fix the election; represents a political and religious challenge to the dominance of traditioanl elite

Question 34

What happened in 114-113 BC?

Answer 34

Unchaste vestal virgin trial

Question 35

What led people to interpret the unchaste vestal virigin trial as a scandal?

Answer 35

Equestrian's daughter struck by lightning, dress pulled up to her waist - interpreted by the Etruscan haruspices as an indication of a scandal involving vestals and knights

Question 36

Who led the second trial?

Answer 36

Sextus Peducaeus - tribune of 113

Question 37

What happened at the second trial of the vestal virgins?

Answer 37

The remaining two were found guilty; power of the people to control behaviour of public religious officials had been asserted

Question 38

What did Cicero and Clodius but heads about? On the _______?

Answer 38

On the response of the haruspices

Question 39

What did Cicero argue about Clodius regarding the response of the haruspices?

Answer 39

Clodius' disruption of the Megalesian games - Magna Mater's honour, and rituals performed improperly, rituals of the Bona Dea

Question 40

What did Clodius argue about Cicero regarding the response of the haruspices?

Answer 40

Cicero's destruction of the shrine of liberty

Question 41

In the beginning of Cicero's against Catiline speeches; what does he draw on?

Answer 41

Traditions of the temple they are in; evokes Jupiter the slayer, allusions to the mythical foundation of the temple, vowed by Romulus

Question 42

What reasons can you attribute Clodius to be the enemy of the gods?

Answer 42

invasion of the rites of Bona Dea, the destruction of the auspices

Question 43

Caesar's assassination - what followed this

Answer 43

Right to have a priest (flamen) of his cult, adorn his house w/ a pediment, place his own image in formal processions of images of the gods, divine status

Question 44

When was Cicero's formal decree of deification?

Answer 44

42 BC

Question 45

Why could you link Caesar's divine symbols to have Hellenistic origins?

Answer 45

Hellenistic kings - public celebration on birthday, renaming calander month and electoral tribe in his honour

Question 46

What did association to a God mean?

Answer 46

Protection

Question 47

SOURCE THIS - The more you know you're a man, you become a god'

Answer 47

Plutarch Pompey 27

Question 48

What were Pompey's divine honours?

Answer 48

Month renamed after him at Mytilene, cult on the island of Delos, cult officials - Pompeiastai, honoured as saviour at Samos, temples built to house his cult

Question 49

Allusion of Plutarch Pompey 27

Answer 49

Remember you're a man