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Freedmen and manumission Flashcards

1
Q

Duff’s opinion on large scale manumission?

A

Diluted Roman stock and eventually caused the fall of the Roman Empire - 1928

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2
Q

Gordan’s view on manumission’s damage to Roman society?

A

Moral rather than racial - 1924

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3
Q

What was the problem with manumission?

A

Transition from one status to another had to be regulated on a formal level as it called into question the character of both statuses

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4
Q

The three different procedures in manumission?

A

vindicta, censu and testament

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5
Q

What was manumission censu?

A

Slaves into census recorded; uncontested claim the person was a free citizen

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6
Q

What was the legal term that could define slaves?

A

Ius Mancipii - similar to land

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7
Q

Cicero’s view on slavery?

A

Slaves servitude was determined by external circumstances. Not inferior by nature. Pa. Stoic. 5.33

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8
Q

Younger Seneca’s view on Slavery?

A

Fundermental inequality of mankind, all spring from the same source. 3.28.1

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9
Q

Cicero’s relationship with Tiri?

A

Too good to be a slave. Fam 16.16.1

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10
Q

What could a slave display and what were they routinely associated with?

A

Could display both cunning and a certain amount of cleverness. Not act according to moral principles, assoicated w/ treachery, cowardice, greed, criminality

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11
Q

Who did Tacitus praise? and why?

A

Freedwoman Epicharis, showed bravery under torture

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12
Q

What aspects of humanity were not separated in antiquity?

A

Mind and body, bodies of slaves could be described as servile and affected by the macula servitutis

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13
Q

Wetnurse theory?

A

Influenced by the wet-nurse, barbarous nation

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14
Q

What was the affect of slaves bodies?

A

Pollution after death, slaves had to be removed 2 hours after daylight.

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15
Q

Bodies of suicide victims?

A

Removed one hour after daylight

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16
Q

Augustus and his slaves?

A

Forced his favourite to commit suicide after an affair, Polus. Shame = chose to never socialise with former slaves, occasionally allowed freedmen to serve in the army, inferior units

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17
Q

What legislation did Augustus enact? (it affected senators)

A

Banned them and their descendants from marrying freedwomen, actresses, or infames - to prevent contamination of a citizen body

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18
Q

What was the Senatus Consultum Claudianum?

A

Dealt with sexual relationships between free women and male slaves belonging to owners.

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19
Q

When was the Senatus Consultum Claudianum?

A

52 BC

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20
Q

What was the motivation behind the senatus consultum claudianum?

A

Fate of the children; would become slaves of the father’s owner

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21
Q

What power did the senatus consultum claudianum give owners over their slaves?

A

Allowed to issue three formal warnings, if fail = she would become her slave

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22
Q

Watson’s view on how the Romans viewed slaves and the freed?

A

No qualitative difference between slaves and free

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23
Q

In Romans view, what could freedman never become equal to?

A

Ingennus - slavery destroyed his honour and degraded his mind and soul

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24
Q

What was ingennus?

A

freeborn

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25
What was the gradus dignitas?
Scale of honour
26
Mouristen's view on the founding of Rome's stability and success?
On the maintenance of proper distinctions between people of different class and personal ability
27
Philip V's relationship to roman customs of slavery?
214 BC - recommended less restrictive citizenship and used Rome as an example of state with a generous enfrashiment policy - manpower resources swelled as a result
28
What did Dionysius of Halicarnassus think of Romans practice?
Benefits lay in the steady contribution which freedmen and their descendants made to to the citizen body as well as the clientlae of individual nobles
29
Origins of enfranchisement?
Little evidence. Assumed it went back to the earliest stages of their state
30
Livy's origins tale?
Slave called Vindicius - saved the republican order; reward was enfranchised by method vindicta
31
Twelve tables?
Implied that a freedman already held full citizenship and could own and dispose of property by testament
32
How does this contrast with classical Greece?
Access to citizenship was highly circumscribed and exclusive of the supreme political bodies
33
Linke's view on the origins of Roman society?
Consisted of family units governed by unlimited powers of male heads - authority compared to magisterial imperium which would rule within a familial context
34
What did Volterra compare the manumission of slaves to?
Birth of children
35
What were freed slaves granted?
Ius civitatis of their patron
36
Early republic and citizenship?
Citizenship = lacking political influence, access to offices restricted, role of assemblies, little choice put before them, ritualised the nature of Roman politics and allowed Romans to expand citizenship beyond the limits of the city
37
Middle republic and slavery?
Access to public office broadened, assemblies assumed real elective functions?
38
Did the development of citizenship create new challenges?
Elite wanted to keep freedmen away from political power - on the grounds of their servility
39
What role were freedmen commonly employed in within the army?
Rowers in the fleet, slaves sometimes used
40
What happened in the second century regarding freedmen and the naval service?
five instances of them been called up for naval service
41
What triggered Augustus to draft freed slaves for legions?
Pannonian revolt and Varian disaster
42
What was the advantage of banning freedmen from serving in the army?
Automatically excluded them from the equestrian order
43
What did Gracchus do in regards to excluding freedmen?
Excluded from the juries. Jurors had to give the name of their father
44
What did Gracchus's reform do?
Prevented slaves sitting in judgement of freeborn = inversion of the natural order
45
What reform did Tiberius enact?
Lex Visellia 24 BC
46
What did the lex visellia entail?
prohibited freedmen from daring to assume honours and dignities which belonged to freeborn, or usurp office of Decurion, unless they have been authorised by the emperor
47
What was the office of the Decurion?
Member of the city senate. Public level. Responsible for public contracts, games, religious festivals
48
What was Cicero's view on placing freedmen in the tribes of their patrons?
'It would make us subject to our own slaves' Cic. Mil. 87
49
In Mouristen's view, what were Augustus' reforms regarding slavery?
The most comprehensive set of laws regulating manumission and status of legal freedmen
50
Why did Augustus reduce the scale of manumission?
Prevented the freeing of unsuitable slaves, restricted the rights and imposed tighter controls of the category
51
What did Suetonius say on Augustus's manumission regulation?
Great importance to keep people pure and unsullied by any taint of foreign or servile blood - 40.3
52
What was the Lex Fufia Caninia?
Tackled the issue of large-scale testamentary manumission and the indiscriminate freeing of slaves who lack proper supervision. Sliding scale for the number of manumissions allowed in wills.
53
What was the lex aelia sentia?
prescribed basic qualifications for both manumitters and freedmen. Barred owners under 20 and mentally ill from freeing slaves.
54
Can Houristen find any logic behind Augustus's manumission reforms?
Minor problem of freedmen = increased cost of grain dole
55
How does Houristen say Augustus's legislation is best understood?
Statement rather than principle, radical attempt to alter current practice, half-hearted
56
How does Houristen (2011) conclude a freedmans place in society?
Freedmen evoked deep-seated anxieties which fed directly into broader concerns about morality, virtue, social order, freedom and tyranny
57
Freedmen _____ habit?
Freedmen epigraphic habit
58
What did freedmen try to pass themselves off in their inscriptions?
Freeborn
59
What were the names of the euregetic bodies exclusive to freedmen?
Augustales and seviri
60
What were the Augustales and serviri passionate about?
Commemorating themselves
61
What was libertus?
Legal concept invented to provide a buffer between masters and their slaves
62
What happened if a master was killed in their home?
Entire household condemned
63
What was the major benefit of manumission?
Opportunity to secure a family unit
64
What was Pattersons view on epitaphs?
Celebrated the most important event in their life... the simple fact they have been manumitted
65
What were the two overlapping worlds?
That of their familia and the wider community of freedmen
66
What was Petronius's Cena Trimalchionis?
Inspired notion of an almost dead libertine world, freedmen obsessed with status, fuelling societies resentment

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