Religion

Question 1

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1478?

Answer 1

eccelesiastical council in seville was summoned- confirmed the royal appointment of bishops and archbishops

Question 2

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1479?

Answer 2

War of succession- no bishops allowed to have their own armies

Question 3

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1486?

Answer 3

Pope innocent VIII granted Ferdinand and Isabella control over the church in Granada

Question 4

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1491?

Answer 4

Cruzada tax still paid after the fall of Granada- benefitted economy

Question 5

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1493?

Answer 5

Crown was granted monopoly of missionary activity in the new world- could spread catholicism to NW

Question 6

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1494?

Answer 6

Commission of polygot bible- could spread catholicism in NW

Question 7

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1496?

Answer 7

Given title of first ever catholic monarchs

Question 8

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1501?

Answer 8

papal bull gave crown right to collect tithes (church tax)- showed they were worthy and massive economic impact
-pope supported and financed wars through papal bulls

Question 9

Isabella and Ferdinand- 1502?

Answer 9

all church official were expected to be lay judges (someone who is not part of the clergy)

Question 10

Describe religious policies under Charles

Answer 10

-Pope Adrian VI 1523 papal bull empowered Charles to appoint every major ecclesiastical office in spain
-Charles rendered the church power almost entirely subordinate to royal authority
-Charles was keen that the crown should direct church reform in spain
-Pope Adrian was Charles’ ally but died in 1523 and his successors weren’t as supportive
-University of Alcala became one of leading centres of learning in europe
-Cisneros commissioned a critical edition of the bible, brought together a collection of different biblical texts, published 1522 (polygot bible) consisted of 5 volumes printed in original languages alongside latin version

Question 11

Describe Erasmism under Charles

Answer 11

-Erasmus well received in spain on account of his biblical studies
-1522-1525 Erasmian movement establish in spain eg. 1526 Castillian edition of handbook of a christian soldier was published
-From late 1520’s, main target of inquisition was Erasmus as monastic orders accused Erasmus or Heresy
-1527-28 Erasmian Alfonso de Valdes wrote 2 popular dialogues in spanish attacking clerical and monastic abuses. His brother published, the dialogue of christian doctrine, and it was put on the churches index of forbidden books as it was tainted with heretical ideas
-works and ideas of Erasmus became associated with heterodoxy
-1529 Hernandez and Tovar arrested for Erasmian sympathies
-1533, Vergara and Alonso de Virues arrested
-1533, inquisition successfully associated writings of Erasmus with Lutheran heresy: 1533-37, Erasmians removed from Alcala university
-1538 Inquisitor General Manrique (Erasmian sympathiser) dies and this removed the last remaining erasmian influence from a position of ecclesiastical authority in spain

Question 12

Describe Alumbrados (Illuminists) under Charles

Answer 12

-Illuminism threatened the institution and hierarchy of the Catholic Church as circulated lutheran ideas
-catholic in theology but believed in necessity of abdicating ones will to god- communed with god through ecstasy so they were incapable of committing sin
-1521, Adrian of Utrecht issued the first ban on lutheran books
-Seville, centre of international trade, most vulnerable to heresy
-1525 onwards, authorities started to arrest members of the alumbrados and inquisition targeted them
-1525 royal edicts condemned illuminist teachings
-1527 Igniatus de Loyola jailed and submitted to 3 examinations for suspected illuminist teachings
-1558, only 105 cases of lutheranism in spain

Question 13

Describe Moriscos under Charles

Answer 13

-Moriscos continually perceived to represent a fifth column who could ally w ottomans
-1525 edict forced moors to convert to go to exile
-1526 provoked armed revolt in Sierra de espadan which intensified in 1529 when Barbarossas corsairs undertook a sacking expedition of the Valencia coast
-Charles planned to eradicate moorish customs but they offered him 80,000 ducats to withdraw the edict which he took
-the use of moorish language and dress was permitted in exchange for a regular tax (Farda) which produced 20,000 ducats per annum

Question 14

What was Philips attitude towards religion?

Answer 14

-attended daily mass and heard sermons at least once a week
-spent a lot of time engaged in private devotions
-there wasn’t a corner of his bedroom where one did not see a pious image of some saint or a crucifix
-his palace included a monastery of jermonite monks
-escorial included a seminary, a hospital and its church had 44 alters
-Philip frequently confided in his confessors and theologians, religion permeated different aspect of his rule
-consulted religious advisers when making political decisions
-Philip became the churches chief administrator
-he played an active role in the churches supervision, devoting energy to the careful selection and appointment of bishops, determined to set high clerical standards
-eager that papal authority should be carefully handled and contained: no papal bull without royal approval
-spanish catholicism was protected from any foreign interference or threats
-1559, royal edict recalled all spaniards attending foreign universities, insisting that future study abroad would be permitted only under special authorisation

Question 15

Describe the Jesuits under Philip

Answer 15

-Spaniards dominated movement, Founder of the Jesuits was Ignatius of Loyola and his 2 successors as general, Lainez and Borja
-Jesuits special vow of obediance to the pope caused friction with the spanish church, sometimes seen as papal agents
-Jesuits sought to gain political support from their own countries
-with Philips blessing, Jesuits attempted to resist the centralising tendencies of the Jesuit order
-Some Jesuits railed against the authority of the Jesuit general in Rome
-Philip failed in his attempt to nationalise the Jesuits and bring them under the control of the Spanish Inquisition
-Jesuit colleges, preaching and missions were found in every important town and contributed enormously to the revival of spanish catholicism

Question 16

Describe Philips general relations with the papacy

Answer 16

-conflict between spain and almost every pope Philip dealt with
-Philip refused to align himself with the papcy and was guided by political considerations
-popes frustrated that no papal decree was published in spain unless first examined by the council of castile
-1567 Pius V edict against bullfighting was completely ignored
-1572, decreed that all papal briefs secured for cases before the ecclesiastical courts should be disregarded
-1582, papacy still objected to Philips sending royal official to the synod of Toledo
-Crown controlled ecclesiastical tribunals through the council of castile
-tensions concerning the investigation and prosecution of heresy cases: Carranza investigation- works were closely scrutinised and by 1566, Carranza became struggle for ecclesiastical power between the Pope and Philip - Former demanded Carranza to be tried in Rome and Philip allowed
-Philip never overstepped boundaries as sometimes he needed financial and moral support from the popes

Question 17

Describe the Council of Trent under Philip

Answer 17

-helped strengthen catholicism in spain
-Philip anxious about the implications of a papal-led council for his power over the spanish church
-strong spanish presence in councils final sessions (130 spaniards)
-council were the earliest and most persistent advocates of a episcopal residence- spanish participation in council was marked by quality of its representatives eg Diego Lainez- considered most influential theologian at Trent
-papacy benefitted from spanish contribution
-the privalleges of the crown would clash with papal interests and authority- especially regarding jurisdiction: spanish theologians and bishops, ecclesiastical reform was more likely to be promoted by native bishops than by agents of the Roman Curia

Question 18

Describe Tridentine Decrees under Philip

Answer 18

-accepted almost immediately in spain and served to revolutionise the church
-After Pius V 1564 ratification of the decrees, Philip feared that they might threaten the rights and privalleges of the spanish crown
-Tridentine decrees implemented at a speed dictated by the crown
-strong emphasis on increasing the power and efficiency of bishops
-the crown took this opportunity to establish 6 new bishoprics in Aragon
-one of the spanish bishops who attended the final session of the council of Trent, Cassador, bishop of Barcelona returned to his diocese determined to implement Tridentine reforms