New world

Question 1

I+F- what were cristobals aims?

Answer 1

-travel to the new world and cross the Atlantic
-discover rich undiscovered lands
-a sea route to cathay and zipango

Question 2

What were Isabella and ferdinands main arguments against cristobals voyage?

Answer 2

-believed if god wanted them to discover the americas, they would
-portugal already said no
-sending him on a voyage would be heresy

Question 3

What were Isabella and ferdinands main arguments for cristobals voyage?

Answer 3

-money and treasure
-bring natives under christian religion
-was a skilled seaman and had charts

Question 4

What were cristobals new demands for Isabella and Ferdinand?

Answer 4

-he wanted to be governor, viceroy and admiral
-wanted 1/10 of treasure and 1/8 share in every expedition
-he wanted his son to have a place in court

Question 5

What were the reasons for Isabella and Ferdinand changing their minds about Cristobal?

Answer 5

-threat he would go to trance
-if he was unsuccessful, they didnt owe him anything
-granada was finished so they could pay more attention to exploration

Question 6

Why were Isabella and Ferdinand worried about Portugal?

Answer 6

they were on Spains border and were worried Portugal would take their lands as they were a major seafaring nation

Question 7

How did the pope help Isabella and Ferdinand in the new world?

Answer 7

-issued a number of papal bulls
-most significant was Inter Caetara 1493 which confirmed spanish right to the new lands in South America

Question 8

What was the treaty of tordesillas 1494?

Answer 8

It would move the line in the new world which marked spanish territory further west which gave spanish more land in the new world

Question 9

What was the consequence of the treaty of tordesillas 1494?

Answer 9

when Brazil was explored and settled, it became part of Portuguese empire rather than spanish

Question 10

Describe the treatment of natives in the new world under Isabella and Ferdinand.

Answer 10

-economienda system was supposed to work by grants of economiendas being given to settlers from the crown
-natives had to work to produce goods for the econmenderos and in return, thy were meant to protect and educate the native workers as well as instruct them under the christian faith
-setllers failed to treat the natives as humans and enslaved the population
-this angered religious orders as this was unacceptable to Dominicans and Franciscans who came to NW to convert natives to christianity
-I+F reacted by forbidding slavery in 1500
-1512 law of burgos reaffirmed this and set a code of behaviour for spaniards for the handling of natives
-settlers could exploit loophole as they could suggest natives were canabalists to enslave them

Question 11

why weren’t Aragonese nobles allowed to emigrate to the new lands under Isabella and Ferdinand?

Answer 11

new discoveries belonged to castile not Aragon and it was castillian laws and customs which Isabella wished to be implemented

Question 12

How was the new world governed under Isabella and Ferdinand?

Answer 12

governed from spain by a central trading office in the castillian port of seville which all trade between Europe and new lands has to go through
council of Indies set up in Spain to oversee governance

Question 13

(CHARLES) describe Hernan cortes

Answer 13

-responsible for spanish conquest of Central America
-1519 appointed commander of expedition
-successful in securing allies from other Indian tribes
-Fall of Tenochtitlan gave spanish control over Mexican valley
-cortes called his conquests new spain and retuned to spain in 1529
-1527, spanish gov established audencia and civil gov, in new spain

Question 14

(CHARLES) describe Franisco Pizarro

Answer 14

-1528, he secured license in spain for conquest in new world, was named governor of Peru
-1527, found gold in Peru
-1533 sacked capital Cusco and found new capital in 1535 near the coast at Lima
-1537, overcame major Indian rising

Question 15

Describe economic impacts of the new world on Charles

Answer 15

-increased financial security which meant Charles was able to borrow from European banks
-1518, licences given to transport African slaves to work in new world
-imports of gold and silver led to increased inflation- detrimental effect on poorest in spain
-Indies were a new market for castillian products
-1545 Potosi mines of silver discovered
-products such as chocolate, pineapple and rubber brought back to europe
-crown kept 1/5 of value of all imported gold and silver
-transportation of gold and silver produced 324,000 ducats per annum,
-during his whole reign, he made 11m ducats from gold and silver
-crown grew rich from taxes from colonists
-increased wealth led to increased social mobility

Question 16

Describe political impacts of the new world on Charles

Answer 16

-1524 council of Indies established- made up of letrados to draw up necessary laws and hear appeals
-viceroys were subject to yearly review of conduct
-viceroy was appointed for Mexico and Peru
-New laws of 1542 abolished slavery and granting of new economiendas- rewritten under pressure from colonists
-audencia state council set up to oversee the implementation of the crowns policies and act as court of law
-Charles able to implement religious policies without interference of pope

Question 17

Describe social impacts of the new world on Charles

Answer 17

-Charles wanted to prioritise conversion of natives to catholicism
-las casas was a Dominican friar who spoke out against the mistreatment of natives and the creation of economiendas
-increased social mobility in spain
-native population decreased due to overwork and spread of diseases such as small box which was brought from Europe
-new world provided new cultural benefits in art, languages and music
-speed of spanish exploration increased their confidence and sense of superiority
-large numbers of Dominican and Franciscan monks travelled as missionaries
-over 4 million conversions took place in Mexico

Question 18

Describe Philip in the new world

Answer 18

-1570, there was 1000 priests in the new world, 100,000 whites and 10m Indians
-spanish eager to christianise the natives
-Philip more eager to consolidate possessions than to increase them
-viceroys appointed in Mexico (Enriquez 1568-80), and Peru (Fransisco de Toledo 1569-81)
-they laid foundations for colonial government and contributed to the codification of laws and prepared groundwork for Indian self-government
-by 1587, there were 100 spanish ships in the Atlantic
-Seville remained key spanish centre and its population increased from 50,000 to 130,000
-revenues amounted to 64.5m ducats