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Relationships and Behaviour Flashcards

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GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behavioural learning

A

Individual determines what behaviours are culturally appropriate and how behaviours result in specific consequences
- can result in modifications of behaviour in order to optimize the results

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2
Q

Associative learning/conditioning

A

Creating associations between certain stimuli and specific responses

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus w/ another stimulus that already elicited that response

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus that creates the response first

- eg. food (US) creates salivation (UR)

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Salivation (UR)

- this type of action is innate, taking place w/o the need of learning

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus eliciting no response

- eg. food bowl (NR) gets associated with act of receiving food (US) and had become a conditioned stimulus (CS)

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Has been associated w/ an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a learned or conditioned response (CR)
- eg. bell (CS) -> CR (salivation)

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8
Q

Conditioned response

A

Similar to original unconditioned response (UR)

- eg. salivation

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

Conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

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10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after a period of lessened response

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11
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of conditioned response of salivation

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12
Q

Stimulus Generalisation

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behaviour based on its consequences

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour

eg. delivery of food

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16
Q

Punishment

A

Stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour (eg. delivery of a shock)

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17
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Introduction of a reinforcing stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

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18
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

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19
Q

Positive punishment

A

eg. parent reprimand son when he gets home from coming home fast curfew

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20
Q

Negative punishment

A

eg. parent takes away their son’s cell phone for a week

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21
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

eg. delivery of food
- relate to physiological needs
- harness drive for survival

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22
Q

Primary punisher

A

eg. exposure to extreme temperature
- relate to physiological needs
- harness drive for survival

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23
Q

Secondary reinforcers/conditioned reinforcers

A

eg. money, praise, prestige, and good grades

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24
Q

Secondary punishers

A

eg. fines, scolding, ostracism and bad grades

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25
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learned behaviour allows subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus
eg. half of floor where mouse is located becomes electrified, mouse will learn to move to the other side of the cage in order to stop being shocked

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26
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Learned behaviour allows subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether by employing specific response

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27
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

Describes how often and under what conditions a behaviour is reinforced

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28
Q

Partial reinforcement/intermittent reinforcement

A

eg. mouse is only rewarded some of the times that it stands up

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29
Q

Shaping

A
  • type of operant conditioning

- shapes behaviour toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behaviour

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30
Q

Innate behaviours

A

Behaviours that are developmentally fixed

  • heavily influenced by physiology and genetic inheritance of the organism
  • difficult or impossible to change through learning
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31
Q

Cognitive processes

A
  • necessary for associative learning of non-instinctual behaviour
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32
Q

Observational learning

A
  • based on MODELING
  • witnessing another person’s actions, retaining information on that person’s behaviour, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one’s own behaviour
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33
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Specialised nerve cells

- fired both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action

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34
Q

Vicarious emotions

A

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own

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35
Q

Behaviour

A

The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli that they experience

  • genetics can influence behaviour
  • hormones can also influence behaviour
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36
Q

Verbal communication

A

Means of transferring knowledge and ideas from one individual to the next w/ high level of precision

37
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

All communication between people that does not involve words
- eg. body language, touch, appearance, facial expressions

38
Q

Animal signals

A

Consist of vocalizations (eg. distress calls) or use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication

39
Q

Social behaviour

A

Interactions taking place between members of the same species
- inherited genetically b/c it is evolutionary advantageous

40
Q

Attraction

A

Factors that draw members of a species togther

41
Q

Aggression

A

Conflict and competition between individuals

42
Q

Attachment

A

Forming relationships between individuals

43
Q

Social support

A

Finding help through social connections

44
Q

Foraging behaviour

A

Set of behaviours through which animals obtain food

- type of social behaviour

45
Q

Mating behaviour

A

Behaviour surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction
- natural selection plays a role in mating behaviour

46
Q

Mate choice

A

Determined by a # of factors: attempts to judge the genetic qualities, overall health, and potential parenting skills of prospective mates

47
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviours that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group

48
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Overall fitness (an individual’s level of success at passing on its genes) by considering not only the individual’s own progeny, but also the offspring of its close relatives

49
Q

Game theory

A

Use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account

50
Q

Group

A

Set of individuals who interact w/ each other and share some elements of identity

51
Q

Networks

A

Outside of group-specific interactions

eg. communicating through friends of friends

52
Q

Organisation

A

Collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose

53
Q

Role

A

A person’s expected behaviour in a particular situation

54
Q

Status

A

Social position

55
Q

Express emotion

A

One of the keys to engage in successful social interactions

56
Q

Detect emotion

A

One of the keys to engage in successful social interaction

57
Q

Self-Presentation

A

How people are perceived

58
Q

Impression Management

A

Process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others

59
Q

Dramaturgical Approach

A

A theory of impression management

  • impression management takes place in all aspects of human interaction
  • a person’s behaviour is an ongoing performance of self that changes according to the situation
  • the self is NOT a fixed, unchangeable entity, but rather can be formed and reformed through interactions w/ others
60
Q

Front Stage Self

A

The behaviour that a player (person) performs in front of an audience (usually society, or some subset of society)
- a person performs her front stage self when she knows she is being watched and that her behaviour is subject to judgement by an audience

61
Q

Back Stage Self

A

Employed when players are together but no audience is present

  • players let go of conventions necessary for the front stage self
  • players perform a diff self for each other than they do for the audience
  • can include behaviour that are unacceptable when in front of audience
62
Q

Groupthink

A

A group’s members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony

  • members may self-censor ideas or opinions that go against group norms or may be pressured by other group members to keep silent on such opinions
  • allow for quick decision-making
  • but may be bad b/c when the group is unanimous, they think their decision is correct -> could lead to disastrous outcomes
63
Q

Group Polarization

A

Through interactions and discussion of a group, attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members

64
Q

Peer Pressure

A

Social influence exerted by one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviours
- connected to desire for conformity and social acceptance

65
Q

Social facilitation

A

Tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched

  • most pronounced for tasks at which the performer is highly practised or skilled
  • individual will perform worse in front of an audience if the skill is new or uncomfortable
66
Q

Social loafing

A

Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work w/ the intention of letting other group members work harder
- the presence of a free-loader decreases the efficiency of the group

67
Q

Deindividuation

A

People lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd

  • can lead to actions that would otherwise go against individuals’ moral principles
  • individuals no longer feel responsible for their own behaviour
  • pros: wearing mask/uniform to gain more social acceptance w/in the larger group
  • cons: Stanley Cup Riot 2011
68
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which people learn customs and values and their culture
- occurs via observational learning and operant conditioning in which “proper” behaviours are rewarded and unacceptable behaviours are met w/ criticism or punishment

69
Q

Social Norms

A

Rules that community members are expected to follow

70
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Group and people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours
- eg. friends, family, neighbours, religion, school, media, sports teams, workplace

71
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, behaviours to align w/ group norms

72
Q

Obedience

A

Behavioural changes made in response to a command by an authority figure
- opposite of conformity

73
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that violates social expectations

74
Q

Stigma

A

Negative social label that changes a person’s social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect
eg. a worker not getting hours b/c of him showing at work late all the time

75
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture
- eg. language acquisition and gaining knowledge about social roles and rules of newly adopted culture

76
Q

Subculture

A

Culture tha tis shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart form the larger group

77
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Practise of valuing and respecting differences in culture
- belief that coexistence of separate cultures is a valuable goal, rather than encouraging all cultures to blend together through ASSIMILATION

78
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practises of other groups by one’s own cultural standards

79
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Opposite of ethnocentrism

- practise of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards

80
Q

In-group

A

Individual shares identity and toward which she feels loyalty

81
Q

Out-group

A

A group where an individual does not identify and may feel competition or hostility

82
Q

Bias

A

Individual favours in-group and devalues out-groups

83
Q

Prejudices

A

Strict generalisations about out-group members or categories of people

84
Q

Stereotype

A

Concept about group or category of people that includes belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics
- can be positive, negative, or neutral

85
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted w/ a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he feels his performance may confirm a negative stereotype about his group

86
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Stress and lowered expectations accompanying negative stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality

87
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group

88
Q

Individual discrimination

A

One person behaves negatively toward another b/c of that person’s membership in a specific social group or category
- eg. landlord refuses to rent house to women

89
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

At the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping
- eg. Religions bar women from becoming high-ranking members or leaders of the clergy

Psych (5 decks)

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