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Psych > Biological Correlates of Psychology > Flashcards

Biological Correlates of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Temperament ( & what part of the brain is it regulated by?)

A
  • a trait that is highly heritable
  • more complex than emotions
  • is regulated by the pre-frontal cortex
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2
Q

Regulatory genes

A

Changing the expression of other genes based on eventual stimuli
- ultimately influences a person’s behaviour

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3
Q

Sensation

A

Physical stimuli -> electrical signals

a physical process

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4
Q

Perception

A

Using sensory info and pre-existing knowledge to create a functional representation of the world
(a physiological and mental process)

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Lowest intensity that can be detected

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Smallest difference that can be detected

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The change required to meet the difference threshold is a certain (fraction (Weber fraction ) of the originally presented stimulus
- increase in sensitivity = decrease in Weber fraction

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

How an organism differentiates important or meaningful stimuli (signals) from those that are not of interest (noise)

High sensitivity: high hit rate to false alarm rate RATIO
Low sensitivity: low hit rate to false alarm rate RATIO

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9
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on 1 stimulus at a time

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10
Q

Divided Attention

A

Splitting attention among multiple resources at a time

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11
Q

Bottom-up and top-down processing

A

Bottom up processing: assembling individual pieces of sensory info to construct an idea

Top down processing: using existing framework to decide which sensory input are useful (make perception more efficient)

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12
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

How we use top-down processing to differentiate FORMS (objects) from ground (background)
- also how we determine which objects belong in a group

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13
Q

Visual Processing (2 Types)

A

a) Parallel processing (highway): info all work their way to brain in parallel
b) Feature detection (border booths): specialized cells work serially to process specialized visual info

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14
Q

Alertness & what type of brain waves are emitted when you’re awake?

A
  • the extreme side of wakefulness
  • the “default” state of consciousness
  • alertness does NOT equal to wakefulness
  • brain waves: Beta waves
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15
Q

Circardian Rhythm

A
  • maintains the balance btwn sleep and wakefulness

- regulates body’s function on a PREDICTABLE schedule

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16
Q

Biological Clock

A
  • controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the HYPOTHALAMUS
  • inhibits the release of melatonin by the pineal gland so you can stay awake
  • as the day progresses, the SCN firing decreases so you will feel more tired and want to sleep
  • COOL FACT: LIGHT influences the SCN to fire
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17
Q

Stages of Sleep: Stage 1

A
  • light sleep, alpha waves
  • state of wakefulness but more relaxed than fully awake state
  • this stage if favoured later on in the night
  • includes REM sleep: high brain activity. does NOT occur in the first sleep cycle but occurs in later sleep cycles; a time where you relive massive amount of stimuli that day and store memories and discard useless ones
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18
Q

Stages of Sleep: Stage 2

A
  • burst of brain wave activity that indicate a full transition into sleep
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19
Q

Stages of Sleep: Stage 3

A
  • delta waves are first seen, much longer than alpha waves

- transition into deep sleep

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20
Q

Stages of Sleep: Stage 4

A
  • deepest sleep
  • almost entirely delta waves (longest wavelength)
  • allows healing, growth, and recovery from fatigue of the day
  • this stage is favoured in the beginning of the night
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21
Q

Epigenetics

A

genetic changes that can be passed down to offspring W/O changing base pairs (eg. DNA methylation)

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22
Q

Perceiving Depth

A
  • use the difference between right and left eye
  • analyzing overlap
  • regulated by TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
  • image close to face: 2 images are far apart
  • image far away from face: 2 images are closer together
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23
Q

Constancy

A
  • when we walk towards an object, our brain knows that it is the same size despite our sensory inputs
  • regulated by top-down processing
24
Q

Insomnia

A

Problem falling or staying asleep

25
Q

Sleep Terror

A

Like a nightmare but occurs in non-REM sleep (deep stages of sleep)
- legs move, screaming, body moves

*nightmares occur in stage 1 sleep and your body is rigid when you sleep

26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Body is unable to regulate sleep cycles

- fall into sleep while walking

27
Q

Hyposis

A

Altered level of consciousness (more relaxed)

- relaxed, focused, relinquish control (follow instructions of hypnotist)

28
Q

Meditation

A

Altered state of consciousness

- shift focus from day-to-day concerns

29
Q

Agonist

A
  • causes effect

- reuptake inhibitors: make neurotransmitters stay in the synapse, which enhances the effect on neural functioning

30
Q

Antagonists

A
  • prevents effect

- enzyme inhibitors: prevents breakdown of neurotransmitters that have been taken up by the presynaptic neutron

31
Q

Stimulants

A
  • raise level of activity in central nervous system
  • increase amount of neurotransmitters in synapse: eg. epinephrine, dopamine
  • causes you to feel more alert and energetic
32
Q

Depressants

A
  • decrease of activity in central nervous system

- causes you to feel relaxed and less alert

33
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • NOT stimulants or depressants
  • alters sensory and perceptual experience
  • mimic body’s natural neurotransmitters
34
Q

Reward Pathway

A
  • associated w/ increase in dopamine levels
35
Q

Encoding happens at which stages in the memory pathway?

A

All of them!

Incoming info -> sensory mem -> STM -> LTM

36
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • involves conscious awareness
37
Q

Long Term Memory

A
  • storage w/o conscious awareness

- unlimited storage

38
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • encoding via physical transduction

- unlimited storage

39
Q

Working Memory

A
  • encoding via rehearsal

- limited storage: 7 +/- 2

40
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Ability of the brain’s networks of neutrons and their synapses to change
- allows brain to reorganize in response to a traumatic brain injury or stroke

41
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A
  • the likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron
  • strengthening of synaptic connections allows for long term retention of information (memory consolidation)
  • underlies learning and memory
  • allows hippocampus (which retains declarative memories) to push information into the pre frontal cortex where it can be stored as long term memory
42
Q

Retrieval

A

Grabbing info from long term memory and put it into working memory for problem solving

43
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Organize info in networks of meaningfully related memories

44
Q

Spreading Activation

A

Activation of one memory triggers activation of related memories

45
Q

Recall

A

Fill in the blanks test

46
Q

Recognition

A

Multiple choice test

47
Q

Memory Decay

A
  • when information does not get into long term storage
  • weakening of the connections in the neural network that holds the memory
  • affects SENSORY and WORKING memory
48
Q

Primacy and recency effects

A
  • recall is best when you try to remember items at the beginning and end of a list
49
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Newly learned material prevents successful retrieval of related older memories

50
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old memories interfere with newly learned material

51
Q

Memory Construction

A

The updating of memories via new information and experiences

52
Q

Source Monitoring

A

A person attributing a memory to a particular source

- based on CREDIBILITY of source, we determine whether we think the memory is “real” or not

53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • deposition of AMYLOID PLAQUES on extracellular proteins and formation of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES
  • affects hippocampus
  • loss of old memory
  • inability to form new memories
54
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • nutrient deficiency (vit B)
  • damages thalamus and frontal cortex
  • starts w/ problematic memory formation
55
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • deterioration in SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (midbrain)
  • impairment of motor abilities
  • ## deficiency in dopamine

Psych (5 decks)

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