Relationships and Behavior

Question 1

Associative learning (conditioning)

Answer 1

Association between stimuli and response

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Subject develops response to previously neutral stimulus by associating stimulus with another already eliciting that response
ex. Pavlov’s Dog experiment

Question 3

Unconditioned stim

Answer 3

innate (ex food)

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

innate (ex salivating)

Question 5

Neutral stim

Answer 5

Stim eliciting no response

Question 6

Conditioned stim

Answer 6

Associated with unconditioned stim to develop a learned condition response

Question 7

Accquisition

Answer 7

Establishing of conditioned response to new stim

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

Reappearance of conditioned response after a period of lessened response

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Dissappearance of conditioned response

Question 10

Stimulus generalization

Answer 10

Tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

Learned lack of response to a stim similar to the conditioned stim

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Associative learning where individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a behavior based on its consequences

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

Consequence that increases likelihood of behavior

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

Consequence that decreases likelihood of behavior

Question 15

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 15

Reinforcement stimulates to a desired behavior

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

Removal of unpleasant stim in response to desired behavior

Question 17

Positive punishment

Answer 17

Reprimanding

Question 18

Negative punishment

Answer 18

Take something away

Question 19

Primary reinforcer

Answer 19

Related to a physiological need (food)

Question 20

Primary punisher

Answer 20

Related to a physiological need (harsh temp)

Question 21

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 21

Requires learning and social context ($, praise)

Question 22

Secondary punisher

Answer 22

Requires learning and social context (fines, scolding)

Question 23

Escape Conditioning

Answer 23

Learned behavior allows subject to escape stimulus

Question 24

Avoidance conditioning

Answer 24

Learned behavior allows subject to avoid unpleasant stimulus altogether

Question 25

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 25

How often a under what conditions a behavior is reinforced

Question 26

Partial/intermittent reinforcement

Answer 26

Reinforced only sometimes

Question 27

Fixed ration reinforcement

Answer 27

Reward after specific # of responses

Question 28

Variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 28

Reward after unpredictable # of responses

Question 29

Fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 29

Reward after specified time interval

Question 30

Variable interval reinforcement

Answer 30

Reward after unpredictable time interval

Question 31

Shaping

Answer 31

Reinforces successive approximations towards desired behavior

Question 32

Observational Learning

Answer 32

Based on modeling

Question 33

Mirror neurons

Answer 33

fire when person is completing an action and when viewing someone completing an action

Question 34

Behavior

Answer 34

Sum coordinated response to stimuli

Question 35

Mate choice

Answer 35

Determined by ability to judge genetic qualities, overall health, potential parenting skills

Question 36

Inclusive fitness

Answer 36

Overall fitness of group considered

Question 37

Game theory

Answer 37

Use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making when actions of other group members are taken into account

Question 38

Group

Answer 38

Set of individuals who interact with each other and share some sense of identity

Question 39

Role

Answer 39

Expected behavior in particular situation

Question 40

Self-presentation

Answer 40

How one is perceived

Question 41

Groupthink

Answer 41

Agreeing for the sake of harmony

Question 42

Group polarization

Answer 42

Attitude as a group becomes stronger than individual attitudes

Question 43

Social facilitation

Answer 43

Tendency to perform better when being watched

Question 44

Bystander effect

Answer 44

Decreased likelihood of people helping because they assume someone else will help

Question 45

Social loafing

Answer 45

Decreased efforts with intention of others picking up the slack

Question 46

Deindividuation

Answer 46

When people lose awareness of individual self and immerse selves in crowd

Question 47

Socialization

Answer 47

The process by which people learn customs and values of a culture

Question 48

Social norm

Answer 48

Rules that members are expected to follow

Question 49

Agents of socialization

Answer 49

Groups and people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Question 50

Conformity

Answer 50

Tendency of individuals to change attitudes to align with group norms

Question 51

Obedience

Answer 51

Behavior change made in response to a command by and authority figure

Question 52

Deviance

Answer 52

Unable to recognize or unwilling to follow social norms

Question 53

Stigma

Answer 53

Social label that changes person's social identity as being abnormal

Question 54

Assimilation

Answer 54

Where an individual becomes part of a new culture

Question 55

Subculture

Answer 55

Culture within a culture

Question 56

Multiculturalism

Answer 56

Practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture

Question 57

Ethnocentrism

Answer 57

Belief that one's group is of central importance

Question 58

Cultural relativism

Answer 58

Practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and judge accordingly

Question 59

Prejudices

Answer 59

Unjustified generalizations; often antagonistic feelings

Question 60

Stereotype

Answer 60

Concept about group generalized to all members

Question 61

Stereotype threat

Answer 61

Fear that one may fulfill negative stereotype

Question 62

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 62

Stress and decreased expectations actually help make stereotype true

Question 63

Discrimination

Answer 63

Unfair treatment of others based on membership to particular groups (individual and institutional)