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Psy/Soc > Relationships and Behavior > Flashcards

Relationships and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Associative learning (conditioning)

A

Association between stimuli and response

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Subject develops response to previously neutral stimulus by associating stimulus with another already eliciting that response
ex. Pavlov’s Dog experiment

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3
Q

Unconditioned stim

A

innate (ex food)

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

innate (ex salivating)

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5
Q

Neutral stim

A

Stim eliciting no response

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6
Q

Conditioned stim

A

Associated with unconditioned stim to develop a learned condition response

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7
Q

Accquisition

A

Establishing of conditioned response to new stim

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8
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after a period of lessened response

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Dissappearance of conditioned response

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10
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a stim similar to the conditioned stim

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Associative learning where individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a behavior based on its consequences

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13
Q

Reinforcement

A

Consequence that increases likelihood of behavior

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14
Q

Punishment

A

Consequence that decreases likelihood of behavior

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15
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement stimulates to a desired behavior

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16
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of unpleasant stim in response to desired behavior

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17
Q

Positive punishment

A

Reprimanding

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18
Q

Negative punishment

A

Take something away

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19
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Related to a physiological need (food)

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20
Q

Primary punisher

A

Related to a physiological need (harsh temp)

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21
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Requires learning and social context ($, praise)

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22
Q

Secondary punisher

A

Requires learning and social context (fines, scolding)

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23
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

Learned behavior allows subject to escape stimulus

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24
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Learned behavior allows subject to avoid unpleasant stimulus altogether

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25
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

How often a under what conditions a behavior is reinforced

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26
Q

Partial/intermittent reinforcement

A

Reinforced only sometimes

27
Q

Fixed ration reinforcement

A

Reward after specific # of responses

28
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement

A

Reward after unpredictable # of responses

29
Q

Fixed interval reinforcement

A

Reward after specified time interval

30
Q

Variable interval reinforcement

A

Reward after unpredictable time interval

31
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforces successive approximations towards desired behavior

32
Q

Observational Learning

A

Based on modeling

33
Q

Mirror neurons

A

fire when person is completing an action and when viewing someone completing an action

34
Q

Behavior

A

Sum coordinated response to stimuli

35
Q

Mate choice

A

Determined by ability to judge genetic qualities, overall health, potential parenting skills

36
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Overall fitness of group considered

37
Q

Game theory

A

Use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making when actions of other group members are taken into account

38
Q

Group

A

Set of individuals who interact with each other and share some sense of identity

39
Q

Role

A

Expected behavior in particular situation

40
Q

Self-presentation

A

How one is perceived

41
Q

Groupthink

A

Agreeing for the sake of harmony

42
Q

Group polarization

A

Attitude as a group becomes stronger than individual attitudes

43
Q

Social facilitation

A

Tendency to perform better when being watched

44
Q

Bystander effect

A

Decreased likelihood of people helping because they assume someone else will help

45
Q

Social loafing

A

Decreased efforts with intention of others picking up the slack

46
Q

Deindividuation

A

When people lose awareness of individual self and immerse selves in crowd

47
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which people learn customs and values of a culture

48
Q

Social norm

A

Rules that members are expected to follow

49
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Groups and people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

50
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency of individuals to change attitudes to align with group norms

51
Q

Obedience

A

Behavior change made in response to a command by and authority figure

52
Q

Deviance

A

Unable to recognize or unwilling to follow social norms

53
Q

Stigma

A

Social label that changes person’s social identity as being abnormal

54
Q

Assimilation

A

Where an individual becomes part of a new culture

55
Q

Subculture

A

Culture within a culture

56
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture

57
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s group is of central importance

58
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and judge accordingly

59
Q

Prejudices

A

Unjustified generalizations; often antagonistic feelings

60
Q

Stereotype

A

Concept about group generalized to all members

61
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Fear that one may fulfill negative stereotype

62
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Stress and decreased expectations actually help make stereotype true

63
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of others based on membership to particular groups (individual and institutional)

Psy/Soc (5 decks)

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