Identity and the Individual Flashcards by Ashlee Smalley

Personality

Collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique

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Trait theory

Personality consists of traits that vary between people, but are stable across lifetimes

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Big 5 Model

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, disagreeableness, and neuroticism

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Biological theory

Focus on biological contribution to traits

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Tempermant

Genetically influenced “baseline” modified by environmental factors throughout life

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Psychoanalitic theroy

Freud’s; universal personality structure contributing to behavior and differences between people. Personality determined by flow of psyche nrg btw id, superego, ego

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Instant gratification regardless of morality/social norms

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Superego

Internalization of society’s rules

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Ego

Balances id and superego

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Behaviorist theory

Personality constructed through experiences with others; personality is behavior

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Social cognitive theory

Focuses on experiences; behaviors important, but also mental life and personal choices

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Reciprocal causation

behaviorenvironment Personal Factors

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Humanistic theory

Rogers; People continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled people

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Situational Apporach

Different situations call for interpretations of the events

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Identity

Person’s view of who they are (large emphasis on perception of one’s self)

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Self-concept

Knowledge of one’s self separate from other people and constant throughout life

Social identity

Perception of one’s self as member of certain social groups (categorization in group and emotional attachment)

Influence of social factors on identity formation

Culture/socialization, individuals, social comparison, reference group (in/out)

Influence of personal factors on identity formation

Self-esteem: judgement of self
Self-efficacy: feeling of being able to carry out action
Locus of control: personal belief about extent to which internal vs external factors play role in shaping life

Freud’s theory of develompent

Psychosocial stages of development
Oral-1st year-nursing
Anal-2nd year-toilet training
Phallic-3-6-gender/sexual identification
Latent-7-12- Social development
Genital-adolescent-mature sexuality

Erickson’s theory of development

Psychosocial Approach

Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame,doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs role
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair

Vygotsky’s theory of development

Involvement of social and cultural factors
current development ] Zone of Proximal ] Beyond current
level development potential

Kohlburg’s theory of development

Moral development
LEVEL 1 - Preconceived morality
Stage 1 -Punishment
Stage 2 - Reward
LEVEL 2 - Conventional morality
Stage 3 - Social Disapproval
Stage 4 - Rule following
LEVEL 3 - Post Conventional morality
Stage 5 - Social contract
Stage 6 - Universal ethics

Attribution theory

Research to explain observed behavior of others

Dispositional attribution

Assigning cause to inherent quality

Situational attribution

Environmental forces in control

Fundamental attribution error

Blame others for their actions without considering situational factors

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors

Somatoform disorders

Somatic symptoms and related disorders characterized by bodily symptoms and psychological symptoms 18%

Anxiety Disorders

Unwanted fear and anxiety, psy tension, and behavior associated with experience of anxiety ex. general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias 9. 5%

Mood disorders

Disruptions in emotion that influence personal functioning | ex. depression, bipolar

Depression

Lasting feelings of sadness and hopelessness, loss of interest in enjoyed activities decreased functioning, disrupted sleep/eating, inability to concentrate 40% heritability Low serotonin, norepinephrine, noreadrenaline, and dopamine Overactivation of stress response (high ACTH, cortisol)

Schizophrenia

Impaired connection with reality + symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech - symptoms: lack of emotion, motivation, and enjoyment of activity Large genetic influence, dopamine related, smaller brain structures 1%

Dissociative disorders

Experience of dissociation between different aspects of psychological functioning

Dissociative amnesia

Loss of psychological function

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

feeling that the self or surroundings are unreal from the individual

Dissociative identity disorder

disruption of identity

Personality disorders

Chronic states of psychological dysfunction related to one's personality 9%