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relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

according to the evolutionary approach, what are partner preferences driven by

A

sexual selection

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2
Q

what do males and females choose their partners for

A

to maximise their chances of reproductive success

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3
Q

how do male gamete’s work

A

reproduce quickly with little energy expenditure

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4
Q

how do female gametes work

A

-less plentiful and require lots of energy to produce

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5
Q

what is the difference in m and f reproduction called

A

anisogamy

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6
Q

what type of partner selection do males use

A

intra sexual selection

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7
Q

what type of partner selection do females use

A

inter sexual selection

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8
Q

what is intra sexual selection

A

where members of one sex (usually male) compete with one another for access to the other sex

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9
Q

what is male-female dimorphism

A

the accentuation of secondary sexual characteristics in those with greater reproductive fitness

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10
Q

what is the male’s best evolutionary strategy

A
  • have as many partners as possible

- compete with other males to present themselves as most attractive mate to fertile females

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11
Q

what is mate guarding

A

when males guard their female partner to prevent them from mating with anyone else

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12
Q

what is cuckoldry

A

when a man raises another man’s child

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13
Q

what is inter sexual selection

A

where members of one sex (usually female) choose from available prospective mates according to attractiveness

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14
Q

what does anisogamy suggest about women

A

their best strategy is to be selective when choosing partner

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15
Q

what do females tend to seek for in a male and why

A
  • physical health, high status, resources

- so male can protect them and provide for children

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16
Q

what do women look for in modern society

A

occupation, social class, wealth

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17
Q

what are the strengths of evolutionary explanations of partner preferences

A

+BUSS conducted survey of over 10,000 adults in 33 countries. found that females reported valuing resource based characterises. men preferred young, and good looks
+study: students asked to approach opposite sex students and ask them to either: go on date, go to their apartment or go to bed with them. 50% both agreed to date, 75% men agreed to bed. 0% women agreed to bed

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18
Q

what are the limitations of evolutionary explanations of partner preferences

A
  • determinist, we have little free will in partner choice.
  • socially sensitive and promote sexist views. women are now more career driven and do not look for resources as much. availability of contraception means that evolutionary pressures are less relevant.
  • doesn’t explain other type of relationships: homosexual, arranged marriage
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19
Q

what is self disclosure

A

revealing personal information such as thoughts, feelings and experiences to another person

20
Q

what is the self disclosure a central concept of

A

social penetration theory

21
Q

what is social penetration theory

A

by gradually revealing emotions and experiences to partner, couples gain greater understand of each other and display trust

22
Q

as a relationship develops, how does self disclosure vary

A
  • superficial at first (hobbies and interests)
  • gradually reveal more (family values, experiences)
  • self disclosing too quickly can reduce attraction
23
Q

what is reciprocal self disclosure

A

when people give the same amount of self disclosure as received

24
Q

what are the strengths of self disclosure

A

+research:self disclosure on first date didn’t increase attraction. person who disclosed was seen as maladjusted
+TAL-OR: analysis of reality shows like big brother. showed that viewers did not like contestants who self disclosed early on.
+KITO: found evidence to support it in other cultures. SD high for japanese and american hetero couples

25
Q

what are the limitations of self disclosure

A
  • SPRECHER:level of self disclosure received is best predictor of liking and loving, rather than amount of SD given
  • unlikely that attraction is based on SD alone. might be important element, but other factors needed too (physical attraction, similarity of attitudes, complimentary of needs)
26
Q

how is physical attractiveness important for males

A

equally very important in short term and long term relationships

27
Q

how is physical attractiveness important for females

A
  • equally as important as males for short term

- less important in long term

28
Q

what is the halo effect

A

when the general impression of a person is incorrectly formed from one characteristic alone

29
Q

how are physically attractive people seen as (according to halo effect)

A

sociable, optimistic, successful, trustworthy

30
Q

how do people interact with attractive people and what does this create

A
  • behave positively towards them
  • creates self fulfilling prophecy
  • attractive person behaves more positively bc of the positive attention they receive
31
Q

what is the strength of the halo effect

A

+PALMER PETERSON:found attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable.
+halo effect was so powerful that it persisted even when pps found out that they had no expertise in politics

32
Q

what is the limitation of the halo effect

A
  • pps completed MACHO scale (measures sexist attitudes). found that pps who scored high on MACHO were more influenced by attractiveness.
  • those who scored low did not value it.
  • influence of physical attractiveness is moderated by other factors
33
Q

what is the matching hypothesis

A
  • that individuals seek partners that have the same social desirability as themselves
  • in order to not be rejected, people approach the most attractive people they CAN
  • usually similar level of attractiveness
34
Q

what is the strength of the matching hypothesis

A

+FANGOLD meta analysis of 17 studies. strong positive correlation between partners rating of physical attractiveness

35
Q

what are rhe limitations of the matching hypothesis

A
  • students were randomly marched to partner. they were secretly judged by a panel in terms of physical attractiveness. students expressed higher appreciation of partner if they were attractive regardless of how attractive they themselves were
  • rebalance of traits. ugly and pretty person but ugly person has other traits to make up for it. (COMPLEX MATCHING)
36
Q

what is the filter theory

A

KERCHOFF DAVID proposed we use filtering to reduce the field of available partners down to a field of desirable partners.

37
Q

what are the three levels of filtering

A

social demography, similarity in attitude, complementarity of needs

38
Q

what is social demography

A
  • from the outset we screen out people based on age, sex, education, social background
  • we are more attracted to people with similar backgrounds
39
Q

what are similarity of attitudes

A
  • choosing people with similar attitudes to our own.

- in long term we choose people who complement our traits

40
Q

what are the strengths of filter theory

A

+85% of americans who got married in 2008 married someone from own ethnic group
+perceived attitude similarity can predict attraction more than actual attitude similarity

41
Q

what are the weaknesses of filter theory

A
  • longitudinal study of cohabiting partners: become more similar in attitudes and emotional responses over time. (emotional convergence)
  • online dating: reduction in social demographic variables. easier to meet someone who lives far away
42
Q

what is social exchange theory

A
  • relationships are like business. we monitor costs and rewards
  • we want max rewards and minimum costs
  • we aim to gain more rewards than our partner to earn profit
43
Q

what is the comparison level

A

comparing current partner to previous partners

44
Q

what is the comparison level for alternatives

A
  • comparing partner to people who we could potentially have a relationship with
  • we look for a better deal if we’re not satisfied
45
Q

what are the strengths of social exchange theory

A

+people in unsuccessful marriages report lack of positive exchanges and excess of neg. ratio of pos to neg exchanges in good marriages is 5:1 but in bad is 1:1
+integrated couples therapy helps partners break neg patterns of behaviours to decrease neg exchanges. 66% couples reported significant improvements
+accounts for individual differences as everyone perceives rewards and costs differently

46
Q

what are the limitations of m social exchange theory

A
  • more applicable to individualistic cultures. family values and compatibility impo for collectivist. partner buying expensive stuff for individualistic
  • people only monitor rewards and costs if relationship is dissatisfying. comparison levels are looked at if we are dissatisfied
  • rooted in behaviourist approach and focus on operant conditioning. doesnr account for abusive relationships

psychology (18 decks)

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