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psychology > approaches 1-4 > Flashcards

approaches 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

What did Wundt devise?

A

Introspection

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3
Q

What is introspection?

A

Systematic & experimental way to study mental processes by breaking down conspicuous awareness into basic structures

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4
Q

How did he study introspection?

A
  • self reporting (lab-high control)
  • say everything while doing activity/thinking about something
  • talk even if ideas aren’t clear
  • mustn’t hesitate
  • fragmented sentences
  • doesn’t need to justify thoughts.
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5
Q

What did Wundt realise about introspection?

A

Hard to study

So encouraged alternative methods/approaches

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6
Q

What did Watson say about introspection?

A

-subjective and bias data (varies depending on person)
::hard to establish general principles
He believes psychology should study phenomena that can be observed and measured —> behaviourist approach

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7
Q

What were the strengths of introspection?

A

+helped develop other approaches (behaviour, cognitive)
+very scientific can form hypothesises
+finds out what causes behaviour, ::can be used to predict it
+Wundt believes consciousness can be broken down into measurable, internal mental processes: perception, senses, experiences

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8
Q

What are the weaknesses of introspection?

A

-Watson: subjective data :: not objective or reliable
-Wilson: isn’t scientific or accurate (little knowledge ABT behaviours outside conscious thought eg rasicm)
-doesn’t explain how mind works/how thoughts are generated
can’t be properly observed ::not very scientific

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9
Q

What does the behaviourist approach believes?

A

Basic processes that govern learning all the same in all species

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10
Q

What is a benefit of the behavioural approach in terms of studying/experiments?

A

Animals can replace humans in experiments

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11
Q

Who founded classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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13
Q

What are the five principles in relation to Pavlovs research?

A
  • Stimulus generalisation
  • discrimination
  • extinction
  • timing
  • spontaneous recovery
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14
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

When a stimulus that is similar to the original condition stimulus has the same effect

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15
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Stimuli similar to the original condition stimuli won’t produce a conditioned response (done by with a holding on condition stimulus)

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16
Q

What is extinction?

A

Conditioned response isn’t produced as the condition stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (food)

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17
Q

What is meant by timing?

A

No association happens as the time between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus is too long

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18
Q

What is meant by spontaneous recovery?

A

Condition stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paid

Link is made more quickly

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19
Q

What are the strengths of classical conditioning?

A

+ Research support: (Pavlov and dogs, Watson and Reyner and Little Albert)
+ Treatments for psychological disorders
Flooding and systematic desensitisation for phobias

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20
Q

What are the weaknesses of classical conditioning?

A

-Lab settings, lacks ecological validity
-Evidence is limited so it doesn’t explain new behaviours in adults (young children and animals in studies)
-Menzies:Studied hydrophobia, 2% had a negative experience
50% of people with dog phobia I have never had a bad experience with a dog
-deterministic, ignores free will:: incomplete and inconsistent

21
Q

Who founded operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

When behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences

reinforcement, punishment

23
Q

What is meant by reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Consequence that makes behaviour more likely
Positive: reward
Negative: removing something unpleasant

24
Q

What is primary reinforcement?

A

Reward that meets natural needs (e.g. taken away hunger)

25
Q

What is secondary reinforcement?

A

Something that meets all needs (e.g. money)

26
Q

What is punishment?

A

Behaviour that is followed by an unpleasant consequence

27
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative punishments?

A

Positive: adding something unpleasant
Negative: taken away something pleasant

28
Q

Describe skinners experiments

A

Skinner box
Loudspeaker, lights, lever, door, floor that can be electrified
A hungry rat
Accidentally presses the lever, food pellet reward (positive reinforcement)
Or presses the lever to avoid something unpleasant (negative reinforcement: electric shock)

29
Q

What are the other principles of skinners experiment?

A

Extinction: no longer gets reward:: stops pressing

Spontaneous recovery: mix quick link after getting pellet when pressing the lever

30
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement in skinners experiments?

A
  • Continuous reinforcement: always getting reward when lever is pressed
  • fix interviewer: only during a fixed time
  • fixed ratio: fixed number of lever presses result in a pellet
31
Q

What are the strengths of operant conditioning?

A

+ Research evidence: token economy in prisons and hospitals
Paul & Lentz used it for Schizophrenia which made behaviour more appropriate
+ skinner box, controlled, discovers cause and effect relationship
+ nurture, due to environmental factors and stimuli rather than nature, allows us to manipulate factors and learn what effect they have on learning

32
Q

What are the weaknesses of operant conditioning?

A
  • Ignores free will:: deterministic
  • Ignores biological approach, other approaches must be considered (ignore the nature)
  • ethical issues, bad effect on psychological and physical health on the rats, argued that it’s not generalisable to humans
33
Q

What are the overall strengths of the learning approach?

A

+ Scientific credibility: controlled lab settings, objectivity, replicable
+ real life applications: token economy systems, flooding and systematic desensitisation

34
Q

What are the overall weaknesses of the learning approach?

A

-Environmental determinism, Skinner: behaviour is determined by the sum of reinforcement history and free will is an illusion.
:: All behaviour is determined by past experiences
-ethical issues, stressful conditions may have effected how the animals reacted
-criticised by the biological approach, schizophrenia is caused by genetics And it isn’t learned so other approaches need to be considered

35
Q

Who Founded the social learning theory?

A

Bandura

36
Q

What Is the social learning theory?

A

It explains how behaviour can be learnt

37
Q

What are the four key aspects of social learning theory?

A
  • Modelling
  • imitation
  • identification
  • vicarious reinforcement
38
Q

What is imitation in SLT?

A
  • Characteristics of the model are observed
  • observers perceived ability to perform behaviour shown
  • observed consequences of the behaviour
39
Q

What is modelling in SLT?

A

Live or symbolic model from which the observer learns by imitation

40
Q

What is meant by identification in SLT?

A

Extent to which the model is relatable/similar

The more similar the more likely the outcome will be the same

41
Q

What is Vicarious reinforcement in SLT?

A

Individuals learn from the consequences of others that they observe

42
Q

What is mediation processes in SLT?

A

Internal cognitive processes,
(Thoughts that happen between stimulus and response)
Mental representation with likely outcome of consequences is formed

43
Q

What are the steps of mediation processes?

A

Attention (have to notice it)
Retention (have to remember it)
Motor reproduction (have to be able to do it)
Motivation ( have to want to do it)

44
Q

Describe the Bobo doll experiment (what is included)

A

36 males
36 females
37-69 months old

45
Q

Describe the Bobo doll experiment method

A

Half watched aggressive adult models, and the other half watched non-aggressive adult models
-verbal aggression (pow)
-after exposure children were made frustrated, showing nice toys but not allowed to play with them
-then taken to a room with toys and the Bobo doll
They were observed for 20 minutes

46
Q

What were the results of the Bobo doll experiment?

A
  • Same behaviour displayed as observed
  • 33% said pow
  • 0% so the verbal aggression (observed non-aggressive group)
  • follow-up study: model that got rewarded for aggression increased likelihood of children being aggressive (vicarious reinforcement)
  • Boys were more aggressive
  • greatest aggression was when the model was the same gender
47
Q

What is the conclusion of the Bobo doll experiment?

A

Aggression can be learned through social learning

e.g. mediational processes, observation, modelling, identification, vicarious reinforcement

48
Q

What are the strengths of the social learning theory?

A

+ Understanding of how criminal behaviour is learnt (especially via vicarious reinforcement)
+ more effective when the model is similar as it’s easier to visualise
Fox: computer game with similar models lead to players being more likely to engage in similar behaviours
+ More comprehensive views, importance of behavioural and cognitive factors in learning new behaviours
+ less deterministic, reciprocal determinism: we influence environment and vice versa, as we choose the models (free will)

49
Q

What are the weaknesses of the social learning theory?

A

-Lacks ecological validity, lab study:: demand characteristics,
-Ignores other potential influences, biological (testosterone?)
-Doesn’t consider cause-and-effect
Increased association with peers increases likelihood of delinquent behaviour in young people, poor behaviour isn’t caused by SLT alone, must consider that there could be poor/deviant attitudes before interacting with delinquent groups

psychology (18 decks)

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