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approaches 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Where behaviour is influenced by conscious and unconscious thoughts

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2
Q

How do you study the cognitive approach?

A

Scientifically, where inferences are made as mental processes can’t be directly observed
::Mistakes can happen

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3
Q

What’s the theoretical model in the cognitive approach?

A

The information processing approach
Where information flows through the multi store model
(input, storage, retrieval)

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4
Q

What is the computer model in the cognitive approach?

A

We are processing happens in the mind similar to a computer
Central processing unit: brain
Coding
Stores

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5
Q

What is schema?

A

Beliefs/expectations that develops experiences

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6
Q

What is the schema that babies are born with?

A

Simple motor schema that is innate

Sucking/grasping

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7
Q

What happens to schema as you grow older?

A

It becomes more detailed

This mental shortcut prevents shock but can lead to perpetual errors

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8
Q

Who studied the cognitive approach in 1932?

A

Bartlett

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9
Q

What was the method of Bartlet study?

A

English participants read Native American folk tale called:’ the war of the ghost’

  • it was unfamiliar and strange due to a different culture
  • required to recall after different periods of time
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10
Q

What was the result of Bartletts study?

A

-Participants changed it to fit the schema
-more English and the ghosts were left out
-Canoes-> cars
-bows/arrows-> guns
The longer the periods of time the less information is retained

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11
Q

What is the conclusion of Bartlett study?

A

People use schemas to help interpret and remember information
It’s a little bit dependent on culture

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12
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Study of influence on mental processes

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13
Q

What’s the other word for brain mapping?

A

Brain fingerprinting

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14
Q

What are fMRI and PET scans used for?

A

Observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes

Help find the basis of mental disorders

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15
Q

Describe Maguires aim

A

Study taxi driver brains to see whether brain anatomy is premeditated/susceptible to plastic changes

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16
Q

What is Maguires method?

A

Two groups, 16 male taxi drivers (for at least 18 months), 16 miles she had never driven taxis
-average of 44 years old
MRIs were taken

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17
Q

What were Maguires results?

A

Right posterior hippocampus and the taxi driver was larger

It was proportional to the time they had the job

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18
Q

What is the right posterior hippocampus responsible for?

A

Strong visual representations of the environment—> lead to physical changes

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19
Q

What is the conclusion of Maguires study?

A

MRIs are important,

Help understand for navigation and brain damaged people

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20
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

+ Scientific and objective methods, high control, biological and cognitive psychology combine that lead to a credible scientific basis
+ real life application, could revolutionise how we live in the future
+ less determinist (soft determinism and free will)
::interactionist

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21
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Machine reductionism, ignores motivation and emotion and compares humans to a computer
  • lack of application to every day life as it’s theoretical and abstract
  • idea of inferences isn’t enough and it’s not reliable
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22
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

Suggest everything begins on a biological basis

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23
Q

What are genes?

A

Mechanism of heredity

passing characteristics from generation to generation

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24
Q

What do you genes carry?

A

Instructions for a particular characteristic

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25
What does gene development depend on?
- Interaction with other genes | - influence of environment
26
What do behaviour geneticist study?
Whether behavioural characteristics are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics
27
What is used to compare in the biological approach?
Concordance rate in twin studies
28
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance compare to dizygotic. 100%: M 50%: D
29
What is genotype?
Actual genetic make up
30
What is phenotype?
How genes are expressed
31
What influences phenotype?
Environmental factors
32
What is another word for natural selection?
Survival of the fittest
33
What is natural selection?
Genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individual survival
34
What are synaptic neurotransmitters?
Chemical messenger that balances or boosts or carry signals between neurons
35
What are psychoactive drugs?
Drugs that affect neurotransmitters
36
What does brain mapping do?
It maps relationship between various parts of the brain and functions
37
What is the benefit of modern brain scanning methods?
- Help map the brain | - identify the functions
38
What are the strengths of the biological approach?
+ Scientific methods of investigation that to give miserable variables:: reliable + real life application Lead to development of psychoactive drugs Allows people to live a normal life and not need hospitalisation
39
What are the weaknesses of the biological approach?
-Casual conclusions Cause and affect?:: Based off of assumptions -deterministic view We are governed by internal biological causes Criminal gene: suggests criminals aren’t legally/morally responsible -problems with evolutionary approach Hard to separate genes from culture Evolutionary approach has limited explanatory power
40
What is the psychodynamic approach?
Behaviour is caused by drives inside the person such as the unconscious mind
41
Who founded psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud
42
What did Freud say?
The child is the father of man
43
What does the psychodynamic approach emphasise the importance of?
Childhood
44
What is the role of the unconscious?
It has threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed or forgotten in order to protect the conscious
45
What is the preconscious?
Thoughts or ideas that come apparent during sleep/slips of the tongue
46
What’s the synonym for slips of the tongue?
Paraphraxes
47
What did Freud say about how to get into unconscious thoughts?
Only way to get this through interpretation of dreams
48
What was the issue with Anna O?
Severe paralysis on the right side Nausea Difficulty drinking
49
What did Freud demonstrate in relation to Anna O?
Her physical symptoms have a psychological cause
50
What did Anna mention during the discussions?
A dog she hated drunk from her glass She developed the fear of drinking Her severe paralysis stemmed from her caring for a sick father where she couldn’t express her anxiety and when he died she broke down
51
What happened once she mentioned a difficulty in drinking?
Her fear and difficult to disappeared
52
What happened once she made her unconscious thoughts conscious?
Her paralysis disappeared
53
Why did her paralysis disappear?
She got to relive her nasty experiences and express her emotions During psychoanalysis
54
What is hypnosis?
Trance like condition | It’s used to study the unconscious mind as it is revealed and the conscious mind is suppressed
55
What are the two drives that we have?
Eros | Thanatos
56
What is eros?
Life instinct Sex/vital for reproduction Own source of psychic energy Libido
57
What is Thanatos?
Death instinct | Procreate and eliminate enemies at the same time
58
What determines personality?
The dynamic interaction between: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
59
When does ID happen?
After birth
60
What is ID?
The pleasure principle WANT Immediate satisfaction
61
When does EGO happen?
After one
62
What is EGO?
Reality principle MIDDLE MAN Considers constraints if reality
63
When does SUPEREGO happen?
3yrs +
64
What is SUPEREGO?
Morality principle CANT HAVE because it is wrong
65
What are ego defence mechanisms used for?
To reduce anxiety from unacceptable ID and push them into the unconscious mind
66
What are the three types of defence mechanisms?
Repression, displacement, denial
67
What is denial?
Refuse to believe/admit emotions that provoke anxiety
68
What is displacement?
Diverting emotions onto someone or something else
69
What is repression?
Prevent unacceptable desires motivation emotions and making them unconscious They still influence behaviour in ways we are aware so it can cause emotional difficulties
70
What are the psychosexual stages?
Single parts of the body are sensitive to sexual stimulation A child’s libido is focused on primary erogenous zone that have needs and demands The method of obtaining satisfaction that categorise that stage will dominate the adult personality
71
What are the five psychosexual stages?
``` Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital ```
72
What is the oral stage?
Nursing and mouthing objects
73
What happens to a child who is frustrated or overindulged during the oral stage?
Frustrated: pessimism, envy, suspicion Overindulged: gullible, full of admiration
74
What may the oral personality end up with?
Addiction for smoking or drinking
75
What is the anal stage?
Eliminating and retaining faeces ID gets pleasure from expulsion of faeces EGO gets pressures to control bodily functions
76
What happens when parents are too lenient during the anal stage?
Leads to anal expulsive character | Disorganised/reckless/defiant
77
What happens if they opt to retain faeces during the anal stage?
Anal retentive character | Neat, stingy, obstinate
78
What happens during the phallic stage?
Boys get unconscious sexual desires for their mum and become rivals with their dads Girls get the same attraction to the Dad
79
What is the Oedipus complex?
During the phallic stage boys develop masculine characteristics and repressed their sexual feelings towards her mum
80
What is the electra complex?
The unconscious sexual attraction towards a dad
81
What is penis envy?
Girls believe that their mum Castrated them Negative feelings towards mum Their wish for a penis is replaced with a wish for a baby
82
What happens once a child overcomes the conflict during a phallic stage?
They identify with same sex parent
83
What happens if a child is fixated in the phallic stage?
Issues with sexuality | homosexual/narcissistic
84
What happens during the latent stage?
Sexual drive is dormant | Girls more feminine/boys more muscular
85
What happens in the genital stage?
Sexual urges or a weekend The less energy a child has still invested in unresolved conflicts in earlier stages, the greater their capacity will be to develop normal relationships with the opposite sex
86
When is the oral stage?
0-18 months
87
When is the anal stage?
18m-3yrs
88
When is the phallic stage?
3-6yrs
89
When is the latent stage?
6yrs- puberty
90
When is the genital stage?
Puberty onwards
91
What are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
+ case study rich in detail: of Anna O, Little Hans(issues at phallic stage) + childhood is important in determining adult behaviour + unique so helps understand complexity of human behaviour + made psychoanalysis, very successful compared to other treatments as it helps understand underlying causes
92
What is psychoanalysis?
Therapy for neurosis
93
What are three types of psychoanalysis?
Hypnosis Dream therapy Free association
94
What are the weaknesses of psychodynamic approach?
- abstract concepts cant be tested as they are unconscious - sexist- more detail and emphasis suggesting girls aren’t as guilty as guys and boys are morally superior - lacks falsifiability therefore not scientific and there’s less research evidence - determinism suggests no free will as everything is driven by unconscious conflicts
95
Whats falsifiability?
It can’t be proven wrong
96
What is the humanistic approach?
Humans are self determining and have free will
97
Humans are described as active agents | What does this mean?
Ability to determine own development but are still affected by external and internal influences
98
What’s another name for the humanistic approach?
Person centred approach
99
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
``` Physiological needs Safety needs Love and belongingness Esteem needs Self actualisation ```
100
What is physiological needs?
Needs that are fundamental and if they are not met it’s unlikely that anything above will be met
101
What are safety needs?
From environmental disasters | Physiological safety
102
What is meant by love and belongingness?
acceptance from loved ones
103
What is esteem needs?
To feel good about oneself
104
What are the first four needs known as?
Deficiency needs | If they are not met then it feels like something is missing
105
How did Maslow develop his hierarchy of needs?
Reading famous biographies of people he believed reached self actualisation He gathered that important characteristics
106
What is the self?
Concept of you and how you perceive yourself | How much self-worth you think you have
107
What is congruence?
Comparability between actual and ideal self
108
What are conditions of worth?
Conditions on what to do in order to receive love or acceptance
109
What did Rogers argued that is needed for personal growth?
Actual Self needs to have congruency with ideal self
110
What happens if the gap between actual and ideal self is too big?
Incongruency Self actualisation will be impossible Negative feelings of self-worth
111
What did Rogers developed to reduce the gap?
Client centred therapy
112
What is person centred counselling?
Client talks as openly as possible and the counsellor just listens and reflects to check their understanding
113
What does the counsellor then have to do it in person centred counselling?
Except the clients feelings and offer unconditional positive regard with no conditions of worth Client can clarify and accept own feelings that replace inner conflict
114
What are three core conditions of person centred counselling?
- Empathetic understanding - unconditional positive regard - congruent therapist in touch with their own feelings
115
What are the strengths of the humanistic approach?
+It’s not a reductionist approach Considers the whole person and meaningful human behaviour Real life context + allows for personal development unlike psychodynamic that says childhood dictates destiny + research support, teenagers that feel like they need to fulfil certain conditions to get parents to approve Get lower self-esteem by pretending to be who their parents want them to be leading to depression and losing touch with 3 self (Harter)
116
What are weaknesses of the humanistic approach?
- Untestable, abstract variables, anti-scientific - limited application as it is just a loose set of abstract concepts so it lacks discipline -cultural bias, West May not be accepted cross culturally as collectivist cultures May do things differently

psychology (18 decks)

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