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approaches 5-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Where behaviour is influenced by conscious and unconscious thoughts

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2
Q

How do you study the cognitive approach?

A

Scientifically, where inferences are made as mental processes can’t be directly observed
::Mistakes can happen

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3
Q

What’s the theoretical model in the cognitive approach?

A

The information processing approach
Where information flows through the multi store model
(input, storage, retrieval)

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4
Q

What is the computer model in the cognitive approach?

A

We are processing happens in the mind similar to a computer
Central processing unit: brain
Coding
Stores

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5
Q

What is schema?

A

Beliefs/expectations that develops experiences

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6
Q

What is the schema that babies are born with?

A

Simple motor schema that is innate

Sucking/grasping

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7
Q

What happens to schema as you grow older?

A

It becomes more detailed

This mental shortcut prevents shock but can lead to perpetual errors

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8
Q

Who studied the cognitive approach in 1932?

A

Bartlett

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9
Q

What was the method of Bartlet study?

A

English participants read Native American folk tale called:’ the war of the ghost’

  • it was unfamiliar and strange due to a different culture
  • required to recall after different periods of time
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10
Q

What was the result of Bartletts study?

A

-Participants changed it to fit the schema
-more English and the ghosts were left out
-Canoes-> cars
-bows/arrows-> guns
The longer the periods of time the less information is retained

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11
Q

What is the conclusion of Bartlett study?

A

People use schemas to help interpret and remember information
It’s a little bit dependent on culture

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12
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Study of influence on mental processes

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13
Q

What’s the other word for brain mapping?

A

Brain fingerprinting

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14
Q

What are fMRI and PET scans used for?

A

Observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes

Help find the basis of mental disorders

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15
Q

Describe Maguires aim

A

Study taxi driver brains to see whether brain anatomy is premeditated/susceptible to plastic changes

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16
Q

What is Maguires method?

A

Two groups, 16 male taxi drivers (for at least 18 months), 16 miles she had never driven taxis
-average of 44 years old
MRIs were taken

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17
Q

What were Maguires results?

A

Right posterior hippocampus and the taxi driver was larger

It was proportional to the time they had the job

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18
Q

What is the right posterior hippocampus responsible for?

A

Strong visual representations of the environment—> lead to physical changes

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19
Q

What is the conclusion of Maguires study?

A

MRIs are important,

Help understand for navigation and brain damaged people

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20
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

+ Scientific and objective methods, high control, biological and cognitive psychology combine that lead to a credible scientific basis
+ real life application, could revolutionise how we live in the future
+ less determinist (soft determinism and free will)
::interactionist

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21
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Machine reductionism, ignores motivation and emotion and compares humans to a computer
  • lack of application to every day life as it’s theoretical and abstract
  • idea of inferences isn’t enough and it’s not reliable
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22
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

Suggest everything begins on a biological basis

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23
Q

What are genes?

A

Mechanism of heredity

passing characteristics from generation to generation

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24
Q

What do you genes carry?

A

Instructions for a particular characteristic

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25
Q

What does gene development depend on?

A
  • Interaction with other genes

- influence of environment

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26
Q

What do behaviour geneticist study?

A

Whether behavioural characteristics are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics

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27
Q

What is used to compare in the biological approach?

A

Concordance rate in twin studies

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28
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance compare to dizygotic.
100%: M
50%: D

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29
Q

What is genotype?

A

Actual genetic make up

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30
Q

What is phenotype?

A

How genes are expressed

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31
Q

What influences phenotype?

A

Environmental factors

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32
Q

What is another word for natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

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33
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individual survival

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34
Q

What are synaptic neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messenger that balances or boosts or carry signals between neurons

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35
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Drugs that affect neurotransmitters

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36
Q

What does brain mapping do?

A

It maps relationship between various parts of the brain and functions

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37
Q

What is the benefit of modern brain scanning methods?

A
  • Help map the brain

- identify the functions

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38
Q

What are the strengths of the biological approach?

A

+ Scientific methods of investigation that to give miserable variables:: reliable
+ real life application
Lead to development of psychoactive drugs
Allows people to live a normal life and not need hospitalisation

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39
Q

What are the weaknesses of the biological approach?

A

-Casual conclusions
Cause and affect?:: Based off of assumptions

-deterministic view
We are governed by internal biological causes
Criminal gene: suggests criminals aren’t legally/morally responsible

-problems with evolutionary approach
Hard to separate genes from culture
Evolutionary approach has limited explanatory power

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40
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

Behaviour is caused by drives inside the person such as the unconscious mind

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41
Q

Who founded psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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42
Q

What did Freud say?

A

The child is the father of man

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43
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach emphasise the importance of?

A

Childhood

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44
Q

What is the role of the unconscious?

A

It has threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed or forgotten in order to protect the conscious

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45
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

Thoughts or ideas that come apparent during sleep/slips of the tongue

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46
Q

What’s the synonym for slips of the tongue?

A

Paraphraxes

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47
Q

What did Freud say about how to get into unconscious thoughts?

A

Only way to get this through interpretation of dreams

48
Q

What was the issue with Anna O?

A

Severe paralysis on the right side
Nausea
Difficulty drinking

49
Q

What did Freud demonstrate in relation to Anna O?

A

Her physical symptoms have a psychological cause

50
Q

What did Anna mention during the discussions?

A

A dog she hated drunk from her glass
She developed the fear of drinking
Her severe paralysis stemmed from her caring for a sick father where she couldn’t express her anxiety and when he died she broke down

51
Q

What happened once she mentioned a difficulty in drinking?

A

Her fear and difficult to disappeared

52
Q

What happened once she made her unconscious thoughts conscious?

A

Her paralysis disappeared

53
Q

Why did her paralysis disappear?

A

She got to relive her nasty experiences and express her emotions
During psychoanalysis

54
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

Trance like condition

It’s used to study the unconscious mind as it is revealed and the conscious mind is suppressed

55
Q

What are the two drives that we have?

A

Eros

Thanatos

56
Q

What is eros?

A

Life instinct
Sex/vital for reproduction
Own source of psychic energy
Libido

57
Q

What is Thanatos?

A

Death instinct

Procreate and eliminate enemies at the same time

58
Q

What determines personality?

A

The dynamic interaction between: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

59
Q

When does ID happen?

A

After birth

60
Q

What is ID?

A

The pleasure principle
WANT
Immediate satisfaction

61
Q

When does EGO happen?

A

After one

62
Q

What is EGO?

A

Reality principle
MIDDLE MAN
Considers constraints if reality

63
Q

When does SUPEREGO happen?

A

3yrs +

64
Q

What is SUPEREGO?

A

Morality principle
CANT HAVE
because it is wrong

65
Q

What are ego defence mechanisms used for?

A

To reduce anxiety from unacceptable ID and push them into the unconscious mind

66
Q

What are the three types of defence mechanisms?

A

Repression, displacement, denial

67
Q

What is denial?

A

Refuse to believe/admit emotions that provoke anxiety

68
Q

What is displacement?

A

Diverting emotions onto someone or something else

69
Q

What is repression?

A

Prevent unacceptable desires motivation emotions and making them unconscious
They still influence behaviour in ways we are aware so it can cause emotional difficulties

70
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

Single parts of the body are sensitive to sexual stimulation
A child’s libido is focused on primary erogenous zone that have needs and demands
The method of obtaining satisfaction that categorise that stage will dominate the adult personality

71
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages?

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
72
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

Nursing and mouthing objects

73
Q

What happens to a child who is frustrated or overindulged during the oral stage?

A

Frustrated: pessimism, envy, suspicion

Overindulged: gullible, full of admiration

74
Q

What may the oral personality end up with?

A

Addiction for smoking or drinking

75
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

Eliminating and retaining faeces
ID gets pleasure from expulsion of faeces
EGO gets pressures to control bodily functions

76
Q

What happens when parents are too lenient during the anal stage?

A

Leads to anal expulsive character

Disorganised/reckless/defiant

77
Q

What happens if they opt to retain faeces during the anal stage?

A

Anal retentive character

Neat, stingy, obstinate

78
Q

What happens during the phallic stage?

A

Boys get unconscious sexual desires for their mum and become rivals with their dads
Girls get the same attraction to the Dad

79
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

During the phallic stage boys develop masculine characteristics and repressed their sexual feelings towards her mum

80
Q

What is the electra complex?

A

The unconscious sexual attraction towards a dad

81
Q

What is penis envy?

A

Girls believe that their mum Castrated them
Negative feelings towards mum
Their wish for a penis is replaced with a wish for a baby

82
Q

What happens once a child overcomes the conflict during a phallic stage?

A

They identify with same sex parent

83
Q

What happens if a child is fixated in the phallic stage?

A

Issues with sexuality

homosexual/narcissistic

84
Q

What happens during the latent stage?

A

Sexual drive is dormant

Girls more feminine/boys more muscular

85
Q

What happens in the genital stage?

A

Sexual urges or a weekend
The less energy a child has still invested in unresolved conflicts in earlier stages, the greater their capacity will be to develop normal relationships with the opposite sex

86
Q

When is the oral stage?

A

0-18 months

87
Q

When is the anal stage?

A

18m-3yrs

88
Q

When is the phallic stage?

A

3-6yrs

89
Q

When is the latent stage?

A

6yrs- puberty

90
Q

When is the genital stage?

A

Puberty onwards

91
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A

+ case study rich in detail: of Anna O, Little Hans(issues at phallic stage)
+ childhood is important in determining adult behaviour
+ unique so helps understand complexity of human behaviour
+ made psychoanalysis, very successful compared to other treatments as it helps understand underlying causes

92
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Therapy for neurosis

93
Q

What are three types of psychoanalysis?

A

Hypnosis
Dream therapy
Free association

94
Q

What are the weaknesses of psychodynamic approach?

A
  • abstract concepts cant be tested as they are unconscious
  • sexist- more detail and emphasis suggesting girls aren’t as guilty as guys and boys are morally superior
  • lacks falsifiability therefore not scientific and there’s less research evidence
  • determinism suggests no free will as everything is driven by unconscious conflicts
95
Q

Whats falsifiability?

A

It can’t be proven wrong

96
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

Humans are self determining and have free will

97
Q

Humans are described as active agents

What does this mean?

A

Ability to determine own development but are still affected by external and internal influences

98
Q

What’s another name for the humanistic approach?

A

Person centred approach

99
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A 
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belongingness
Esteem needs
Self actualisation
100
Q

What is physiological needs?

A

Needs that are fundamental and if they are not met it’s unlikely that anything above will be met

101
Q

What are safety needs?

A

From environmental disasters

Physiological safety

102
Q

What is meant by love and belongingness?

A

acceptance from loved ones

103
Q

What is esteem needs?

A

To feel good about oneself

104
Q

What are the first four needs known as?

A

Deficiency needs

If they are not met then it feels like something is missing

105
Q

How did Maslow develop his hierarchy of needs?

A

Reading famous biographies of people he believed reached self actualisation
He gathered that important characteristics

106
Q

What is the self?

A

Concept of you and how you perceive yourself

How much self-worth you think you have

107
Q

What is congruence?

A

Comparability between actual and ideal self

108
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

Conditions on what to do in order to receive love or acceptance

109
Q

What did Rogers argued that is needed for personal growth?

A

Actual Self needs to have congruency with ideal self

110
Q

What happens if the gap between actual and ideal self is too big?

A

Incongruency
Self actualisation will be impossible
Negative feelings of self-worth

111
Q

What did Rogers developed to reduce the gap?

A

Client centred therapy

112
Q

What is person centred counselling?

A

Client talks as openly as possible and the counsellor just listens and reflects to check their understanding

113
Q

What does the counsellor then have to do it in person centred counselling?

A

Except the clients feelings and offer unconditional positive regard with no conditions of worth
Client can clarify and accept own feelings that replace inner conflict

114
Q

What are three core conditions of person centred counselling?

A
  • Empathetic understanding
  • unconditional positive regard
  • congruent therapist in touch with their own feelings
115
Q

What are the strengths of the humanistic approach?

A

+It’s not a reductionist approach
Considers the whole person and meaningful human behaviour
Real life context

+ allows for personal development unlike psychodynamic that says childhood dictates destiny

+ research support, teenagers that feel like they need to fulfil certain conditions to get parents to approve
Get lower self-esteem by pretending to be who their parents want them to be leading to depression and losing touch with 3 self (Harter)

116
Q

What are weaknesses of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Untestable, abstract variables, anti-scientific
  • limited application as it is just a loose set of abstract concepts so it lacks discipline

-cultural bias, West
May not be accepted cross culturally as collectivist cultures May do things differently

psychology (18 decks)

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