Relationship Development

Question 1

What are exchange relationships

Answer 1

Where people exchange rewards in order to receive benefits in return

Question 2

What is cost reward ratio

Answer 2

Liking for another is determined by calculating what it will cost to be reinforced by other person

Question 3

What are communal relationships

Answer 3

People reward partner out of direct concern to show caring

Question 4

What is interdependence

Answer 4

Situation in which each person’s thoughts emotions and behaviours influence those of other people

Question 5

What is a close relationship

Answer 5

Strong and frequent interdependence in many other domains of life

Question 6

What is intimacy

Answer 6

+ve emotional bond which includes understanding and support

Question 7

What is commitment

Answer 7

Combined forces that hold partners together in enduring relationship

Question 8

What are attachment styles

Answer 8

People’s basic securely attached, avoidant or anxious orientation towards. Others in close relationships

Question 9

What is social support

Answer 9

Emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people

Question 10

How do we form new relationships

Answer 10

Initial feelings of attraction based on physical attractiveness, similarity and interaction

Question 11

How can physical attractiveness form attraction to liking

Answer 11

• symmetrical faces are a biological basis for attractiveness
• prototypical faces are more attractive; closer to the mental prototype of a face and therefore more familiar and easier to process

Question 12

Physical cues that men look for in attraction to liking

Answer 12

• youth and fertility: facial femininity linked to higher oestrogen levels
• look for features associated with reproductive fertility

Question 13

Attractive incentives that women look for in men

Answer 13

• women prefer men to be older, look for financial stability, and athletic strong physical appearance and health as unhealthy mate are less likely to provide
• testosterone suppresses immune system which is not seen as +very as only well adapted males can tolerate high levels of this

Question 14

What is the matching phenomenon

Answer 14

• where people tend to be attracted to others who are on the same level of attractiveness as themselves
• matched couples have longer relationships
• people compensate for their looks in other ways such as humour

Question 15

Evidence of the matching phenomenon

Answer 15

Studies using ‘lonely hearts’ advertisements
- though these give no indication of how successful people are in attracting mate
- show what attractive incentives women and men look for in each other

Question 16

How can similarity create liking

Answer 16

• we view anything connected to the self as +ve
• people who are similar tend to attract each other ‘birds of a feather’
• it signals familiarity which leads to liking through mere exposure effect
  Signals connectedness as those who are similar to us validate our beliefs and attitudes

Question 17

How can interaction increase liking

Answer 17

• we like others who have +very interactions
• it makes others familiar
• helps us feel more connected as when people interact they often mimic mannerisms

Question 18

What is the process for mutual reinforcement of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness

Answer 18

1. Similarity encourages interaction
2. More we interact, more similarities we find
3. More interact, more attractive person is, more we interact with them
4. Find those who are similar tend to be more physically attractive and so the more we want to be liked by them
5. Once liking develops it reinforces connections

Question 19

What are the 3 types of interdependence in close relationships

Answer 19

Cognitive interdependence, behavioural interdependence and affective interdependence

Question 20

What is cognitive interdependence

Answer 20

Where partner knowledge becomes self knowledge so we think about the partners point of view as well as our own

Question 21

What is behavioural interdependence

Answer 21

Each person has big influence on partners decisions, activities and plans

Question 22

What is affective interdependence

Answer 22

• intimacy draws people together
• commitment holds relationship together

Question 23

What are the different attachment styles in close relationships

Answer 23

1. Secure attachement styles : unafraid of intimacy
2. Preoccupied attachment style: want relationship but worried other does not
3. Dismissing attachment style: reluctant to get close to others as want to be independent
4. Fearful attachment style: find it difficult to trust others

Question 24

What a re the similarities in same sex relationships

Answer 24

• satisfaction driven by similar attitudes, values and backgrounds
• relationships form through proximity and familiarity
• commitment is strong predictor for success

Question 25

What are the differences in same sex relationships

Answer 25

- more likely to remain friends after relationship break down - division of household labour more equitable - more likely to originate from existing friendships

Question 26

Psychological factors that influence who we like

Answer 26

Need to affiliate, emotions, similarity of others, mutual liking

Question 27

What is the need to affiliate

Answer 27

Attraction to others is driven by motive to seek and maintain relationships with others, if affiliation is not satisfied then it can result in -ve consequences such as rejection, sadness and anger

Question 28

What is the social exchange theory

Answer 28

- peoples evaluation of a relationship depends on their perception of the rewards the gain from it, the costs they incur from it, and the relationship they deserve and the likelihood that they could have a better one

Question 29

What is a comparison level and how can relationships depend on this

Answer 29

People’s expectations about the costs and rewards based on their previous relationships

Question 30

What is the equity theory

Answer 30

- says most people are satisfied with relationships where the cost-reward ratio is the same for each person

Question 31

What is the reinforcement affect model

Answer 31

People can be liked depending on their association with +ve or -ve feelings

Question 32

What are the 6 types of love

Answer 32

1. Eros : passionate love 2. Ludus: game-playing love 3. Storge: companionate love 4. Mania: possessive love 5. Agape: selfless love 6. Pragma: logical love

Question 33

What are 3 factors that motivate people to stay in a relationship

Answer 33

1. A persons dedication to a partner 2. Can be costly to exit the relationship 3. The longer the relationship is the harder it is to break due to the more ties

Question 34

What is Rusbult’s investment model of commitment

Answer 34

People’s commitment and stability of a relationship is determined by perceived costs, rewards and comparison level for alternatives

Question 35

When do relationships end

Answer 35

- when partners have little to no similarities, comparison level for alternatives, amount of time spent together, level of support from partners social network, lack of commitment

Question 36

What is the process of detachment from relationships

Answer 36

- consider pros and cons of staying in relationship - 2 parties discuss differences and who is responsible for - acknowledgement on relationship ending