Perceiving Groups

Question 1

What is a group

Answer 1

Two or more individuals who perceive themselves to be member of the same social category

Question 2

What are the 4 different types of groups

Answer 2

Intimacy groups
Task groups
Common bond groups
Common identity groups

Question 3

What are intimacy groups

Answer 3

Groups that are closely tied together

Question 4

What are task groups

Answer 4

Groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal

Question 5

What are common bond groups

Answer 5

Members have close personal bonds within the group

Question 6

What are common identity groups

Answer 6

Members have close personal ties to the group itself

Question 7

What are the stages of group formation according to tuckman 1965

Answer 7

Forming : acceptance, avoid conflict
Storming: conflict
Norming: listening, support, purpose
Performing: task orientation
Adjourning: group disengages

Question 8

What are the 5 membership phases in a group

Answer 8

Prospective member: investigation
Marginal member: socialisation
Member: maintenance
Marginal member : re-socialisation
Ex-member: rememberance

Question 9

What are role transitions in a group

Answer 9

Where your membership to a group ends due to change or development in which re-socialisation is not an option

Question 10

What are social norms

Answer 10

Uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organise and differentiate groups from other groups

Question 11

What are the two types of social norms

Answer 11

Descriptive norms
Injunctive norms

Question 12

What are descriptive norms

Answer 12

Norms that most people follow whether they are right or wrong

Question 13

What are injunctive norms

Answer 13

Norms that are perceived as being approved by other people but isn’t something that they will always do

Question 14

Why do norms work so well within groups

Answer 14

They are enforced : tend to do things because we dont want to be punished for not doing it
People internalise them: think it’ll make them look good in the group
Fixed during socialisation
Act as action heuristics to make life easier

Question 15

Who is involved in the violation of norms

Answer 15

Deviants (marginal group members)
Imposters
Schism and subgroups

Question 16

What are deviants

Answer 16

People who deviate to far from the prototypical group members and do not reflect the most important attribute that the group believes one should have

Question 17

What are imposters

Answer 17

Posing as legitimate group members when they are not

Question 18

What is schism and subgroups

Answer 18

Schism is when groups break off and smaller groups form
Subgroups are those smaller groups

Question 19

What can groups do for us

Answer 19

Interdependence: people achieve more than if they were alone
Similarity and support : group together with people who have similar attitudes
Reduces uncertainty in who we are and so helps with our social identity improving self image
Optimal distinctiveness: people like to distinguish themselves from others but need to affiliate with others and being in a group allows both

Question 20

What are the 3 types of conformity

Answer 20

Compliance
Obedience
Acceptance

Question 21

What is compliance

Answer 21

Changing behaviour but not beliefs

Question 22

What is obedience

Answer 22

People doing as they are told by an authority figure

Question 23

What is acceptance

Answer 23

Changing behaviour and beliefs

Question 24

Why do people conform

Answer 24

Normative influences: want to be liked/accepted
Informational influences: desire to be correct to look knowledgeable to others

Question 25

Can minority groups bring about changes in the opinions of a majority

Answer 25

Can cause others to stop and think and potentially cause others to break off from group but this can be difficult as it is intimidating for a minority to face a majority

Question 26

What characteristic should a minority have to produce an effect

Answer 26

Consistency

Question 27

Do minorities exert the influence through the same mechanisms as majorities

Answer 27

Different because minorities have power of standing out whereas majorities have power of the collective

Question 28

Is there a difference in quality or quantity of influence

Answer 28

those who are large in groups have more influence due to them having more power

Question 29

What is a disadvantage of majority groups

Answer 29

peoples desire to feel unique and autonomous is primary disadvantage of a majority group

Question 30

What are the 2 types of group structure

Answer 30

Ingroup : groups we belong to
Out groups: groups we dont belong to

Question 31

What is group socialisation

Answer 31

Process of group members coming together to meet each other’s needs and accomplish goals over time

Question 32

What is the group socialisation model (Moreland & Levine 1994)

Answer 32

Individuals and group are continuously evaluating how rewarding or worthwhile the interrelationships are
Five membership phases

Question 33

What is group cohesion

Answer 33

The extent to which the group holds people to one another

Question 34

What isfestinger et al 150 model of group cohesion

Answer 34

Forces —> cohesion —> behaviour
Forces act on one to make a groups cohesive which then determines individual adherence to group standards