Relational & Organ. Comm: Exam 1 Flashcards
According to the linear model of communication, the transmitter of a message is called:
a. Decoder
b. Source
c. Channel
d. Receiver
b. Source
Which tradition in the communication field is characterized by an interest in other’s authentic lived experience and their personal interpretations of everyday life?
a. Phenomenological
b. Intercultural communication
c. Objective
d. Socio-cultural
a. Phenomenological
Daydreaming represents which context of communication?
a. Organizational
b. Intrapersonal
c. Interpersonal
d. Small group
b. Intrapersonal
The metaphor ___ suggests that theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication processes.
a. theories as lenses
b. theories as fact
c. theories as hunches
d. theories as maps
a. theories as lenses
The first premise of Symbolic Interaction Theory is that humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things. This can be represented by which of the following models?
a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response
b. Stimulus - > Response - > Interpretation
c. Response - > Stimulus - > Interpretation
d. Interpretation - > Stimulus - > Response
a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response
Tony only watches the news on MSNBC because it most often reports information in a way that is consistent with his political beliefs. According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which type of selectivity is Tony engaging in to prevent dissonance?
a. selective interpretation
b. selective retention
c. selective exposure
d. selective attention
c. selective exposure
During lecture, we discussed the 2-Year-Old Girl “Steal” Popcorn From Prince Harry as an example of expectancy violation. Which of the following is illustrated in this example?
a. Prince Harry chose not to respond to the violation of expectation
b. There are universal expectations of how one should behave in public space
c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation
d. Stealing is considered to have positive violation valence for Prince Harry
c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation
This includes the behaviors with a proxemic range of 4 to 12 feet and is reserved for more formal relationships such as coworkers.
a. Personal Distance
b. Intimate Distance
c. Public Distance
d. Social Distance
d. Social Distance
If you hold an expectation before entering an interaction, this is known as:
a. Threat Threshold
b. Interactional expectation
c. Pre-interactional expectation
d. Context factors
c. Pre-interactional expectation
T/F:
Violation valence refers to the sum of the positive and negative attributes a person brings to the encounter plus the potential he or she has to reward or punish in the future.
False, communicator reward valence
What is communication?
a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment.
A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment is called?
communication
what does “social” mean in communication?
speaker and listener, involves people and interactions as part of communication process. these are the senders and receivers
The speaker and listener/ senders and receivers, which involves people and their interactions as part of communication process is which part of communication?
social
What is the “process” of communication?
ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence
What is the ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence of communication?
The process
What is an example of “social”?
parents, professors, expectations of your younger self ‘ what i want to be’, future self ‘ i want this lifestyle’
What are the “symbols” of communication? (definition)
The representation of phenomenon.
arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
The representation of phenomenon,
arbitrary label or representation of phenomena is what part of communication?
Symbols
What is the “meaning” of communication?
what people extract from messages and input into them
What is an example of a “symbol”?
chair
What is an example of “meaning”?
Chinese numbers different in sign language than in english sign language numbers
What people extract from messages and input into them is what part of communication?
meaning
What is the “environment” in communication?
situation or context in which communication occurs, time, place, historical, ethnicity, family upbringing, relationship, culture, social- economical background
What part of communication involves situation or context in which communication occurs?
environment
What is a “model” communication?
simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements
What are the simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements?
model
Linear model of communication
one way, from one to the other
what are noises?
anything not intended by informational source
What is semantic?
slang, jargon, or specialized language
what is physical noise?
noise that exists outside of the receiver
what is psychological noise?
prejudices, biases, and predisposition toward another or message.
What are some examples of physiological noise?
illness, fatigue, hunger
What is physiological noise?
biological influences
What are some critiques of the linear model?
one message
passive receiver, doesn’t do much
assumes clear beginning and end
all communication is very simple, message sent done. not always the case
What is an example of semantic noise?
Jennifer received medical report from ophthalmologist, physician’s words included phrases that had limited (or no) meaning to Jennifer
What are some examples of psychological noise?
political rally, hear psychological noise when listening to politician do not support
what is the interaction model?
(ping pong model)
send message, receive, send message back and receive
emphasizes 2 way communication process between communicators
What is the transactional model of communication?
view of communication as simultaneous sending and receiving messages, both creating shared field of experience, shared understanding that helps you connect
what are some critiques of the interaction model?
either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously
What are some critiques of the interaction model?
either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously
assumes 2 people speaking and listening but not at the same time
What are some critiques of the transactional model?
Advantages:
simultaneously sending and receiving messages
communication creates shared meanings
recognizing influence of past experiences and differences
What is ethics?
perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior
What are the ethic strategies to study communication theory?
Business and industry religion entertainment higher education medicine politics technology
What is intrapersonal communication?
communication with oneself, what goes on in your head
What is an example of intrapersonal communication?
daydream, imagine
What is interpersonal communication?
face to face communication between people
What is an example of interpersonal communication?
friendship and family
teacher-student
parent-child
physician-patient
What is small group communication?
Communication among at least 3 individuals, work together to achieve a common purpose
What are some examples of small group communication?
work, business, classroom
What is organizational communication?
Communication within and among large, extended environments
consisted of groups
communication within and between organizations
What is an example of organizational communication?
culture
leadership
conflict management
What is public communication?
dissemination of information from one person to many others (audience)
What is an example of public communication?
public speaking
What is mass media communication?
channels or delivery modes for mass messages
What is mass communication?
communication to a large audience via various channels
What are some examples of mass media communication?
radio
internet
television
What is cultural communication?
communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds
Which tradition is interested in public address and public speaking and their functions in a society?
Rhetorical Tradition
Which tradition is the study of signs in meaning creations?
Semiotic Tradition
Which tradition is the personal interpretation of everyday life and activities?
phenomenological tradition
Which tradition views communication as an information science, broader, systemic viewpoint, network analysis?
cybernetic tradition
Which tradition is the communication theory examined by view that someone’s behavior is influenced by something else/ one or more variables?
socio-psychological tradition
Which tradition critiques the social order and imposing structures or individuals on that order/ concerns injustice, oppression and power?
Critical Tradition
Which tradition has shared cultural patterns and social structures that influence communication/individuals produce/ and reproduce culture?
socio-cultural tradition
What is an example of critical tradition?
women of color engineering faculty
What is an example of a socio-cultural tradition?
intercultural friendship development
What is an example of socio-psychological tradition?
what makes friendships works, what makes it better, comparison of offline and online friendship, qualities at different stages of relationship development
What is an example of a cybernetic tradition?
friendship network, large social media trends, friendship network influence smoking behavior
What is an example of phenomenological tradition?
military friendships
high school friendships
soccer team friendships
What is an example of semiotic tradition?
romantic relationships use physical symbol to show
friendship use behavioral symbol to show
What is an example of rhetorical tradition?
friendship equal effort in bond
What is an abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that helps us to understand a phenomenon?
theory
What is a theory as we discussed in class?
a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.
Benefits to lecture definition of theory?
- theories human made = not perfect
- theory creations are driven by questions = try to solve puzzle, find answers to question
- not just questions, you have to go through a systematic process to test questions/theory to make it informed hunches
- to be a theory needs to be a relationship of how multiple factors work together
Understand the metaphor:
Theories as nets
no one net captures everything
Understand the metaphor:
Theories as lenses
theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication process
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
Research question is a question researchers ask about the way things work and a hypothesis is a statement researchers make about the relationship between variables
What is the difference between an objective approach and a interpretive approach to research?
Objective approach purpose is human action determined by law-like forces, search for generalizations and regularities
Interpretive approach is human action is a result of (constrained) agency, search for rules that guide how humans communicate in situated contexts, look at rules not laws, context matters
What are some ways of knowing the objective approach?
discovering the truth
a singular reality
reality is independent of our observations
scientific methods
What are some ways of knowing an interpretive approach?
multiple views of reality
reality is socially constructed
perspectives matter
What is a quantitative research method?
use numbers to support generalizable conclusions
What are some examples of quantitative research?
survey
content analysis - statistics, math
experiment
What is qualitative research methods?
rich description to support interpretations and conclusions
What are some examples of qualitative research?
interviews, ethnography
What is the difference between implicit theories and social scientific theories?
implicit theories are everyday interactors engaging in theoretical thinking. accept evidence agrees with theory, ignore evidence that contradicts it, observations of people you know
social scientists systematically test theories whereas nonscientists test selectively, observations of systematic sample of population, rigorous testing, amend theories, incorporate information arising from inconsistencies to create a revised formulation of the theory
Which premise is it when humans act toward people or things on basis of meanings they assign to those people or things?
premise 1: meaning
What is an example of premise 1: meaning?
chair
Which premise is meaning derived from social interactions facilitated by language?
premise 2: language
Which premise is thoughts are inner conversations we have facilitated by language/interpretation of symbols is modified by thought processes?
premise 3: thoughts
Which premise is when we develop our sense of self from taking the role of the other?
premise 4: self
What is an example of premise 4: self?
look in mirror, cat sees a lion
What is the premise is our conversational partner is a blend of particular others and generalized others?
premise 5: society
What is an example of premise 5: society?
friends family acquaintances teachers significant other
What is the difference between the “I” and “Me”?
The I is the spontaneous, impulsive, creative self
The Me is the reflective, socially aware self
What is the difference between particular others and generalized others?
Particular others are individuals who are significant to us
Generalized other are the attitude of the whole community
What are the 3 mechanisms to reduce resonance?
- selective exposure prevents dissonance
- reassurance to reduce post decision dissonance
- minimal justification for action induces a shift in attitude
what is selective attention?
paying attention to information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions
what is selective interpretation?
interpreting ambiguous information so that it becomes consistent with current beliefs and actions
what is selective retention?
remembering information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions
What are the assumptions of Human Cognition?
- humans want consistency, need for consonance with how we think
- dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies
- dissonance drives people to change behavior/belief
What is personal space?
spatial zone of 18 inches to 4 feet reserved for family and friends
What is intimate distance?
very close spatial zone spanning
0-18 inches
What is social distance?
spatial zone of 4-12 feet, reserved for more formal relationships such as with coworkers
What is public distance?
spatial zone of 12 feet and beyond reserved for very formal discussions such as professor and students in class, celebrities/concerts
What is primary territory?
signal a person’s exclusive dominance over an area
What is secondary territory?
locations that signal a person’s affiliation with an area or object
What is public territory?`
locations that signal open spaces for everyone, including beaches and parks
what is expectancies?
cognitions (thoughts) and behaviors anticipated in conversations
what is it called when perceived negative or positive assessment of an unexpected behavior, value assigned to breach of expectations regardless of the violation?
violation valence
What is the focus on what people expect and reactions to others in conversations called?
expectancy violations theory
What is the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to encounter plus potential to reward or punish in the future called?
communication reward valence
What are some interpretations of the violator?
status attractiveness the power to reward good will who did it?
