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Organizational and Relational Comm > Relational & Organ. Comm: Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Relational & Organ. Comm: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

According to the linear model of communication, the transmitter of a message is called:

a. Decoder
b. Source
c. Channel
d. Receiver

A

b. Source

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2
Q

Which tradition in the communication field is characterized by an interest in other’s authentic lived experience and their personal interpretations of everyday life?

a. Phenomenological
b. Intercultural communication
c. Objective
d. Socio-cultural

A

a. Phenomenological

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3
Q

Daydreaming represents which context of communication?

a. Organizational
b. Intrapersonal
c. Interpersonal
d. Small group

A

b. Intrapersonal

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4
Q

The metaphor ___ suggests that theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication processes.

a. theories as lenses
b. theories as fact
c. theories as hunches
d. theories as maps

A

a. theories as lenses

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5
Q

The first premise of Symbolic Interaction Theory is that humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things. This can be represented by which of the following models?

a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response
b. Stimulus - > Response - > Interpretation
c. Response - > Stimulus - > Interpretation
d. Interpretation - > Stimulus - > Response

A

a. Stimulus - > Interpretation - > Response

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6
Q

Tony only watches the news on MSNBC because it most often reports information in a way that is consistent with his political beliefs. According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which type of selectivity is Tony engaging in to prevent dissonance?

a. selective interpretation
b. selective retention
c. selective exposure
d. selective attention

A

c. selective exposure

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7
Q

During lecture, we discussed the 2-Year-Old Girl “Steal” Popcorn From Prince Harry as an example of expectancy violation. Which of the following is illustrated in this example?

a. Prince Harry chose not to respond to the violation of expectation
b. There are universal expectations of how one should behave in public space
c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation
d. Stealing is considered to have positive violation valence for Prince Harry

A

c. Communication reward valence of the 2-year-old girl can influence how Prince Harry assesses the violation

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8
Q

This includes the behaviors with a proxemic range of 4 to 12 feet and is reserved for more formal relationships such as coworkers.

a. Personal Distance
b. Intimate Distance
c. Public Distance
d. Social Distance

A

d. Social Distance

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9
Q

If you hold an expectation before entering an interaction, this is known as:

a. Threat Threshold
b. Interactional expectation
c. Pre-interactional expectation
d. Context factors

A

c. Pre-interactional expectation

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10
Q

T/F:

Violation valence refers to the sum of the positive and negative attributes a person brings to the encounter plus the potential he or she has to reward or punish in the future.

A

False, communicator reward valence

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11
Q

What is communication?

A

a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment.

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12
Q

A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment is called?

A

communication

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13
Q

what does “social” mean in communication?

A

speaker and listener, involves people and interactions as part of communication process. these are the senders and receivers

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14
Q

The speaker and listener/ senders and receivers, which involves people and their interactions as part of communication process is which part of communication?

A

social

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15
Q

What is the “process” of communication?

A

ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence

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16
Q

What is the ongoing, dynamic and unending occurrence of communication?

A

The process

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17
Q

What is an example of “social”?

A

parents, professors, expectations of your younger self ‘ what i want to be’, future self ‘ i want this lifestyle’

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18
Q

What are the “symbols” of communication? (definition)

A

The representation of phenomenon.

arbitrary label or representation of phenomena

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19
Q

The representation of phenomenon,

arbitrary label or representation of phenomena is what part of communication?

A

Symbols

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20
Q

What is the “meaning” of communication?

A

what people extract from messages and input into them

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21
Q

What is an example of a “symbol”?

A

chair

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22
Q

What is an example of “meaning”?

A

Chinese numbers different in sign language than in english sign language numbers

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23
Q

What people extract from messages and input into them is what part of communication?

A

meaning

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24
Q

What is the “environment” in communication?

A

situation or context in which communication occurs, time, place, historical, ethnicity, family upbringing, relationship, culture, social- economical background

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25
Q

What part of communication involves situation or context in which communication occurs?

A

environment

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26
Q

What is a “model” communication?

A

simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements

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27
Q

What are the simplified representations of complex interrelationships among elements?

A

model

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28
Q

Linear model of communication

A

one way, from one to the other

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29
Q

what are noises?

A

anything not intended by informational source

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30
Q

What is semantic?

A

slang, jargon, or specialized language

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31
Q

what is physical noise?

A

noise that exists outside of the receiver

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32
Q

what is psychological noise?

A

prejudices, biases, and predisposition toward another or message.

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33
Q

What are some examples of physiological noise?

A

illness, fatigue, hunger

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34
Q

What is physiological noise?

A

biological influences

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35
Q

What are some critiques of the linear model?

A

one message
passive receiver, doesn’t do much
assumes clear beginning and end
all communication is very simple, message sent done. not always the case

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36
Q

What is an example of semantic noise?

A

Jennifer received medical report from ophthalmologist, physician’s words included phrases that had limited (or no) meaning to Jennifer

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37
Q

What are some examples of psychological noise?

A

political rally, hear psychological noise when listening to politician do not support

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38
Q

what is the interaction model?

A

(ping pong model)
send message, receive, send message back and receive
emphasizes 2 way communication process between communicators

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39
Q

What is the transactional model of communication?

A

view of communication as simultaneous sending and receiving messages, both creating shared field of experience, shared understanding that helps you connect

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40
Q

what are some critiques of the interaction model?

A

either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously

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41
Q

What are some critiques of the interaction model?

A

either sender or receiver, not case we are both at the same time/happens simultaneously
assumes 2 people speaking and listening but not at the same time

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42
Q

What are some critiques of the transactional model?

A

Advantages:
simultaneously sending and receiving messages
communication creates shared meanings
recognizing influence of past experiences and differences

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43
Q

What is ethics?

A

perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior

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44
Q

What are the ethic strategies to study communication theory?

A 
Business and industry
religion
entertainment
higher education
medicine
politics
technology
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45
Q

What is intrapersonal communication?

A

communication with oneself, what goes on in your head

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46
Q

What is an example of intrapersonal communication?

A

daydream, imagine

47
Q

What is interpersonal communication?

A

face to face communication between people

48
Q

What is an example of interpersonal communication?

A

friendship and family
teacher-student
parent-child
physician-patient

49
Q

What is small group communication?

A

Communication among at least 3 individuals, work together to achieve a common purpose

50
Q

What are some examples of small group communication?

A

work, business, classroom

51
Q

What is organizational communication?

A

Communication within and among large, extended environments
consisted of groups
communication within and between organizations

52
Q

What is an example of organizational communication?

A

culture
leadership
conflict management

53
Q

What is public communication?

A

dissemination of information from one person to many others (audience)

54
Q

What is an example of public communication?

A

public speaking

55
Q

What is mass media communication?

A

channels or delivery modes for mass messages

56
Q

What is mass communication?

A

communication to a large audience via various channels

57
Q

What are some examples of mass media communication?

A

radio
internet
television

58
Q

What is cultural communication?

A

communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds

59
Q

Which tradition is interested in public address and public speaking and their functions in a society?

A

Rhetorical Tradition

60
Q

Which tradition is the study of signs in meaning creations?

A

Semiotic Tradition

61
Q

Which tradition is the personal interpretation of everyday life and activities?

A

phenomenological tradition

62
Q

Which tradition views communication as an information science, broader, systemic viewpoint, network analysis?

A

cybernetic tradition

63
Q

Which tradition is the communication theory examined by view that someone’s behavior is influenced by something else/ one or more variables?

A

socio-psychological tradition

64
Q

Which tradition critiques the social order and imposing structures or individuals on that order/ concerns injustice, oppression and power?

A

Critical Tradition

65
Q

Which tradition has shared cultural patterns and social structures that influence communication/individuals produce/ and reproduce culture?

A

socio-cultural tradition

66
Q

What is an example of critical tradition?

A

women of color engineering faculty

67
Q

What is an example of a socio-cultural tradition?

A

intercultural friendship development

68
Q

What is an example of socio-psychological tradition?

A

what makes friendships works, what makes it better, comparison of offline and online friendship, qualities at different stages of relationship development

69
Q

What is an example of a cybernetic tradition?

A

friendship network, large social media trends, friendship network influence smoking behavior

70
Q

What is an example of phenomenological tradition?

A

military friendships
high school friendships
soccer team friendships

71
Q

What is an example of semiotic tradition?

A

romantic relationships use physical symbol to show

friendship use behavioral symbol to show

72
Q

What is an example of rhetorical tradition?

A

friendship equal effort in bond

73
Q

What is an abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that helps us to understand a phenomenon?

A

theory

74
Q

What is a theory as we discussed in class?

A

a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.

75
Q

Benefits to lecture definition of theory?

A
  • theories human made = not perfect
  • theory creations are driven by questions = try to solve puzzle, find answers to question
  • not just questions, you have to go through a systematic process to test questions/theory to make it informed hunches
  • to be a theory needs to be a relationship of how multiple factors work together
76
Q

Understand the metaphor:

Theories as nets

A

no one net captures everything

77
Q

Understand the metaphor:

Theories as lenses

A

theories shape our perception by focusing attention on some features of communication and explicating the specific communication process

78
Q

What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?

A

Research question is a question researchers ask about the way things work and a hypothesis is a statement researchers make about the relationship between variables

79
Q

What is the difference between an objective approach and a interpretive approach to research?

A

Objective approach purpose is human action determined by law-like forces, search for generalizations and regularities
Interpretive approach is human action is a result of (constrained) agency, search for rules that guide how humans communicate in situated contexts, look at rules not laws, context matters

80
Q

What are some ways of knowing the objective approach?

A

discovering the truth
a singular reality
reality is independent of our observations
scientific methods

81
Q

What are some ways of knowing an interpretive approach?

A

multiple views of reality
reality is socially constructed
perspectives matter

82
Q

What is a quantitative research method?

A

use numbers to support generalizable conclusions

83
Q

What are some examples of quantitative research?

A

survey
content analysis - statistics, math
experiment

84
Q

What is qualitative research methods?

A

rich description to support interpretations and conclusions

85
Q

What are some examples of qualitative research?

A

interviews, ethnography

86
Q

What is the difference between implicit theories and social scientific theories?

A

implicit theories are everyday interactors engaging in theoretical thinking. accept evidence agrees with theory, ignore evidence that contradicts it, observations of people you know
social scientists systematically test theories whereas nonscientists test selectively, observations of systematic sample of population, rigorous testing, amend theories, incorporate information arising from inconsistencies to create a revised formulation of the theory

87
Q

Which premise is it when humans act toward people or things on basis of meanings they assign to those people or things?

A

premise 1: meaning

88
Q

What is an example of premise 1: meaning?

A

chair

89
Q

Which premise is meaning derived from social interactions facilitated by language?

A

premise 2: language

90
Q

Which premise is thoughts are inner conversations we have facilitated by language/interpretation of symbols is modified by thought processes?

A

premise 3: thoughts

91
Q

Which premise is when we develop our sense of self from taking the role of the other?

A

premise 4: self

92
Q

What is an example of premise 4: self?

A

look in mirror, cat sees a lion

93
Q

What is the premise is our conversational partner is a blend of particular others and generalized others?

A

premise 5: society

94
Q

What is an example of premise 5: society?

A 
friends
family
acquaintances
teachers
significant other
95
Q

What is the difference between the “I” and “Me”?

A

The I is the spontaneous, impulsive, creative self

The Me is the reflective, socially aware self

96
Q

What is the difference between particular others and generalized others?

A

Particular others are individuals who are significant to us

Generalized other are the attitude of the whole community

97
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms to reduce resonance?

A
  1. selective exposure prevents dissonance
  2. reassurance to reduce post decision dissonance
  3. minimal justification for action induces a shift in attitude
98
Q

what is selective attention?

A

paying attention to information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions

99
Q

what is selective interpretation?

A

interpreting ambiguous information so that it becomes consistent with current beliefs and actions

100
Q

what is selective retention?

A

remembering information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions

101
Q

What are the assumptions of Human Cognition?

A
  1. humans want consistency, need for consonance with how we think
  2. dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies
  3. dissonance drives people to change behavior/belief
102
Q

What is personal space?

A

spatial zone of 18 inches to 4 feet reserved for family and friends

103
Q

What is intimate distance?

A

very close spatial zone spanning

0-18 inches

104
Q

What is social distance?

A

spatial zone of 4-12 feet, reserved for more formal relationships such as with coworkers

105
Q

What is public distance?

A

spatial zone of 12 feet and beyond reserved for very formal discussions such as professor and students in class, celebrities/concerts

106
Q

What is primary territory?

A

signal a person’s exclusive dominance over an area

107
Q

What is secondary territory?

A

locations that signal a person’s affiliation with an area or object

108
Q

What is public territory?`

A

locations that signal open spaces for everyone, including beaches and parks

109
Q

what is expectancies?

A

cognitions (thoughts) and behaviors anticipated in conversations

110
Q

what is it called when perceived negative or positive assessment of an unexpected behavior, value assigned to breach of expectations regardless of the violation?

A

violation valence

111
Q

What is the focus on what people expect and reactions to others in conversations called?

A

expectancy violations theory

112
Q

What is the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to encounter plus potential to reward or punish in the future called?

A

communication reward valence

113
Q

What are some interpretations of the violator?

A 
status
attractiveness
the power to reward
good will
who did it?

Organizational and Relational Comm (7 decks)

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