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Organizational and Relational Comm > Global Environment: Exam #2 > Flashcards

Global Environment: Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q 
What is the typical time scale on which glacial periods occur?
A. 100,000 years
B. 200,000 years 
C. 400,000 years
D. 1,000,000 years
A

A. 100,000 years

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2
Q

Which of the following best describes the temperature pattern shown in the top graph?
A. temperature is mostly warm, with a few periods of cold
B. temperature fluctuates between warm and cold without any detectable pattern
C. temperature is mostly cold, with a few periods of warm
D. temperature fluctuates between warm and cold in fairly regular cycles

A

D. temperature fluctuates between warm and cold in fairly regular cycles

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3
Q 
Today, the vast majority of glaciers worldwide are:
A. advancing
B. receding
C. neither advancing nor receding
D. none of these
A

B. receding

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4
Q

When continental ice sheets were present during the last Ice Age:
A. sea-level was lower
B. sea-level was the same because the mass of ice pushed the continents downward
C. was higher because the mass of ice pushed the continents down
D. none of these

A

A. sea-level was lower

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5
Q

The ice that forms continental ice sheets originates as:
A. water evaporated from the ocean
B. water precipitated from the atmosphere as snow
C. snow that recrystallizes to form ice
D. all of these

A

A. water evaporated from the ocean

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6
Q

The huge continental ice sheets of Greenland and Antartica contain about 95% of existing glacial ice.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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7
Q

How are icebergs formed?
A. By freezing seawater
B. By pieces of glacial ice breaking off the glacier
C. By pieces of intercontinental ice migrating toward the ocean
D. By river ice from mountain zones flowing to the sea

A

B. By pieces of glacial ice breaking off the glacier

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8
Q 
Where do crevasses form in glaciers?
A. Where a glacier is accumulating
B. Where a glacier is melting
C. Where a glacier is subjected to tension
D. Any of these
A

C. Where a glacier is subjected to tension

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9
Q 
What is a moraine?
A. A deep crevice filled with sediment
B. U-shaped valley, filled with sediment
C. Ridge-like accumulation of sediment
D. None of these
A

C. Ridge-like accumulation of sediment

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10
Q

Where would one find the equilibrium line on a glacier?
A. The point where net mass loss is less than net mass gain
B. The point where net mass loss is greater than net mass gain
C. The point where net mass loss equals net mass gain
D, It is found only on polar glaciers

A

C. The point where net mass loss equals net mass gain

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11
Q 
Where are most glaciers found?
A. Mid-latitude cold zones
B. Lower latitudes on high mountains
C. The high-latitude polar regions
D. In the Arctic Ocean
E. None of the above
A

C. The high-latitude polar regions

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12
Q 
Which of the following is not a component of the cryosphere?
A. Seawater
B. Seasonal snow cover
C. Sea ice
D. Ice shelves
E. Permafrost
A

A. Seawater

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13
Q 
What nation contains nearly half of the world's lakes?
A. The United States
B. Canada
C. Brazil
D. China
A

B. Canada

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14
Q 
Where is the largest reservoir for water in the hydrologic cycle?
A. Glacial ice
B. Lakes and rivers
C. Ground water
D. The ocean
A

D. The ocean

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15
Q 
The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a(n) \_\_\_\_ bond to become a water molecule.
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Iconic bond
D. State bond
A

B. Covalent bond

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16
Q 
When liquid water freezes, what happens to the angle between the hydrogen atoms?
A. The bond angle increases
B. The bond angle decreases
C. The bond angle does not change
D. The bond angle disappears
A

A. The bond angle increases

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17
Q 
The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule tend to bond to:
A. Each other
B. Oxygen atoms of another molecule
C. Hydrogen atoms of another molecule
D. To any part of another water molecule
A

B. Oxygen atoms of another molecule

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18
Q 
The rock shown here is \_\_\_ in origin.
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Neither
A

B. Sedimentary

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19
Q 
The rock shown here is \_\_\_ in origin.
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Neitheer
A

B. Sedimentary

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20
Q 
The rock shown here is \_\_\_ in origin.
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Neither
A

C. Metamorphic

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21
Q 
The two rocks shown here are \_\_\_ in origin. 
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Neither
A

A. Igneous

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22
Q 
What is obsidian?
A. An intrusive (plutonic) igneous rock
B. An extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock
C. A piece of glass resulting from the melt of sediments
D. A metamorphic form of shale
A

B. An extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock

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23
Q

Gabbro is coarser than basalt because:
A. The magma that formed the gabbro cooled slower than the basalt magma
B. Gabbro has contact metamorphism whereas basalt does not
C. Gabbro contains much more silica than basalt
D. Higher pressure formed the gabbro

A

A. The magma that formed the gabbro cooled slower than the basalt magma

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24
Q 
You will find fossil remains in what type of rock?
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. All of these
A

B. Sedimentary

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25
Q 
Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified based upon:
A. Smell
B. Composition
C. Color
D. Grain size
A

D. Grain size

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26
Q 
The process where dissolved minerals (such as quartz) precipitate within the pore spaces of sediment creating a gluey material leading to the binding of the sediment is called:
A.  Compaction
B. Cementation
C. Weathering
D. Recrystallization
A

B. Cementation

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27
Q 
Mass wasting is material moved primarily due to:
A. Ice 
B. Gravity
C. Wind
D. Running water
A

B. Gravity

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28
Q

The rock cycle is a process solely involving the movement of sedimentary rock from a mountain to a river:
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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29
Q

Why do small sediments weather faster than larger sediments?
A. The small sediments have more surface area for chemical reactions
B. The small sediments can be broken down quicker by bacteria in the soil
C. The small sediments generally contain smaller minerals that are easier to break down
D. All of these

A

A. The small sediments have more surface area for chemical reactions

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30
Q

What is an example of a sheet jointing?

A

Yosemite National Park, CA

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31
Q

What is an example of frost wedging?

A

San Andres Mountains, NM

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32
Q

What is an example of root wedging?

A

Tree started growing into crack in an outcrop of rocks

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33
Q

When gravel is compressed over time it becomes?

A

conglomerate

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34
Q

When sand is compressed over time it becomes?

A

sandstone

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35
Q

When silty mud is compressed over time it becomes?

A

siltstone

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36
Q

When clayey mud is compressed over time it becomes?

A

shale or mudstone

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37
Q

Which rock is formed from the cooling and consolidation of magma or lava?

A

igneous

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38
Q

Which rock is formed from either chemical precipitation of material or decomposition of particles transported in suspension?

A

sedimentary

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39
Q

Which rock is formed from changing a rock as a result of high temperature, high pressures or both?

A

metamorphic

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40
Q

What is the part of earth’s surface that remains perennially frozen?

A

the cryosphere

41
Q

What are some examples of the cryosphere?

A

sea ice
glaciers
frozen ground

42
Q

Glaciers make up __ % of Earth’s land surface.

A

10

43
Q

Frozen ground makes up __% of Earth’s land.

A

20

44
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere almost 1/4 of land is covered by ___ and _____ during the winter.

A

snow and frozen ground

45
Q

What is the main contributor to glaciers and ice caps?

A

the accumulation of snow fall that is greater than seasonal melt

46
Q

What is a major source of water for rivers and moisture for soils?

A

snow melt

47
Q

What is the lower limit of perennial snow?

A

snowline

48
Q

In polar regions annual snowfall is very low because the air is too cold to hold moisture is called?

A

polar deserts

49
Q

When snow and ice become so thick that the pull of gravity causes the frozen mass to move it’s called?

A

a glacier

50
Q

Which glacier is the smallest?

A

cirque glacier

51
Q

Which glacier extends down from a cirque?

A

valley glacier

52
Q

which glacier covers mountain highlands or low lying land at high latitudes, flowing radially out?

A

ice caps

53
Q

which glacier is in a fjord?

A

fjord glacier

54
Q

Which glacier spreads out from a valley glacier?

A

piedmont glacier

55
Q

What overwhelms nearly all the land within their margins?

A

continent sized ice sheets

56
Q

___ and ___ include 95% of Earth’s glaciers and reach 3000m thick.

A

Greenland and Antartica

57
Q

When do glaciers form?

A

wherever snow and ice accumulate like high latitudes and high mountains at low latitudes

58
Q

What are three types of moraines?

A

medial, lateral and terminal

59
Q

What is another name for landscape covered with ice-wedged polygons?

A

patterned ground

60
Q

Why are ice cores great climate recorders?

A

isotopes to reconstruct temperature

air bubbles tap ancient air

61
Q

What is till?

A

poorly sorted sediment deposited in glaciers (moraines)

62
Q

How does pancake ice form?

A

with wave actions

63
Q

Where does deep water form today?

A

in polar regions

64
Q

What kind of bond is holding the two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom together to water?

A

a covalent bond

65
Q

What are the bond angles in liquid water and in frozen water?

A

105 and 109

66
Q

Why is water a universal solvent?

A

Because of its polarity it can dissolve ionic bonds that hold salts together

67
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

The O of one water molecule stick to an H of another water molecule.

68
Q

What gives water its surface tension?

A

Hydrogen bonds

69
Q

What is thee name for a stream without base flow?

A

ephemeral

70
Q

What is the name for a topographic high that separates drainage basins?

A

divide

71
Q

What are divides that often coincide with crests of mountains, the result of uplift?

A

continental divides

72
Q

What kind of features are associated with meandering streams?

A

oxbow lakes

73
Q

In which country are over 50% of the world’s lakes located?

A

Canada

74
Q

Which is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three states: liquid, solid, gas?

A

Water

75
Q

What is the biggest reservoir of water on the surface of Earth?

A

ocean

76
Q

What is the biggest reservoir of fresh water on Earth?

A

ice caps and glaciers

77
Q

What is the residence time of water in the atmosphere?

A

a few days, ocean and ice sheets 1000s of years

78
Q

Water in the ice sheets is stored for thousands of years. What is another term for long term storage?

A

sequestration

79
Q

What is porosity?

A

how much water can be stored in a rock or regolith

80
Q

What is the recharge zone?

A

Where precipitation seeps into the ground and reaches the saturation zone

81
Q

What is the name for body of rock or regolith sufficiently porous and permeable to store and conduct significant quantities of groundwater?

A

aquifer

82
Q

In which kind of rocks can caves form most easily?

A

Limestone. Because carbonic acid (acid rain) can dissolve it easily.

Cenotes are one kind of limestone caves found on the Yucatan peninsula

83
Q

What is the lower topographic limit of permanent snow cover called?

A

snowline

84
Q

Is the snowline lower in higher or lower latitude regions?

A

Higher latitudes (closer the poles)

85
Q

What are some of the prerequisites for glaciers to form?

A

Glaciers begin to form when snow remains in the same area year-round, where enough snow accumulates to transform into ice.
•Each year, new layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers.
•This compression forces the snow to re-crystallize, forming grains similar in size and shape to grains of sugar.
•For most glaciers, this process takes more than a hundred years.

86
Q

Which is the smallest glacier?

A

cirque glacier

87
Q

Which glaciers carve out u-shaped valleys that once the glacier retreated and sea level rises are filled with water?

A

fjords

88
Q

What are termius, tributary glaciers, and crevasses?

A

end of glacier, side glaciers, cracks in glaciers

89
Q

What involves the cycling of material through the geosphere through the breakdown, rearrangement, and formation of rock?

A

the rock cycle

90
Q

Rock is transformed into regolith through?

A

physical and chemical weathering

91
Q

What is the set of processes whereby weathered particles are transported under the influence of gravity, often carried or pushed by water, wind, or ice to a location where deposition occurs?

A

erosion

92
Q

Sediment or regolith becomes sedimentary rock though?

A

lithification

93
Q

Which rock is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed in mineralogy, texture, or both, as a result of being subjected to elevated pressure and temperatures?

A

Metamorphic rock

94
Q

Which rick forms when magma or lava of a giving composition solidifies, the mineral assemblage that forms is the same for intrusive and extrusive rocks; the differences are textural?

A

igneous rock

95
Q

The five factors interact to determine the character of landforms:

A

process, climate, lithology, relief, and time.

96
Q

There are 3 families of rock:

A 
Igneous rocks (form by the cooling and consolidation of molten rock)
Sedimentary rocks (form by the chemical precipitation of material carried in solution by lake, river, or ocean water or by the deposition of particles transported in suspension by water, wind or ice)
Metamorphic rocks (have been changed as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both)
97
Q

Clastic sediment consists of broken rock and mineral particles. The four main size classes are:

A

Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay

98
Q

The four classes of clastic sedimentary rock are:

A

Conglomerate
Sandstone
Siltstone (mudstone)
Shale (forms from gravel, sand, silt and clay)

Organizational and Relational Comm (7 decks)

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