relational influences

Question 1

when does conflict occur?

Answer 1

when there is a perception that two parties, whether individuals or groups have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours or when individuals needs are not being met.

Question 2

mirror image perceptions

Answer 2

identical distorted perceptions about the other parties when two parties are in conflict

Question 3

why does conflict escalate

Answer 3

biased perceptions like these can lead to an escalation in hostility when biased attributions are made for behaviour when people assume that our motives are positive and theirs is negative.

Question 4

imposed solutions

Answer 4

are dictated solutions sometimes one party is stronger and will impose a solution. at other times a 3rd party may impose a solution

Question 5

distributive solutions

Answer 5

involve compromise or mutual concessions

Question 6

integrative solutions

Answer 6

are often called win-win solutions because both sides can benefit from the decision reached

Question 7

what did Follett highlight?

Answer 7

the sisters had a orange that they needed to share, they came to a distributive solution. One sister drank the juice and threw away the peel, the other used the peel and threw away the juice. The sisters did over look the integrative solution of one having the juice and the other having the peel

Question 8

counselling

Answer 8

is often sought when conflict arises within families. One or both parties to the conflict may work with a counsellor in an effort to develop skills to help them deal with conflict directly.

Question 9

Negotiation

Answer 9

involves parties who have some shared and some opposing interests coming together to try and reach an agreement

Question 10

who were the researchers for negotiation?

Answer 10

Thompson and Hastie investigated the process of negotiation in a study involving participants who were assigned to the role of a buyer or a seller of a car. They found that most negotiators entered the negotiation expecting the others party interest to be opposed of their own.

Question 11

Mediation

Answer 11

involves bringing in 3rd parties to help settle conflict. Mediators help the parties in dispute to focus on the issues and reach a voluntary solution.

Question 12

what researcher conducted the longitudinal research study in relation to divorce mediation

Answer 12

robert emery, he found that divorce mediation can improve the following:

• settle a large percentage of cases
• spread settlement, save on money
• increase party satisfaction
• lead to improved relationships between non residental parents
• lead to improved relationships between divorced parents and children

Question 13

What is arbitration

Answer 13

is a dispute resolution process in which a third party imposes a solution after listening to the conflicting parties present their cases.

Question 14

define socialisation

Answer 14

the beliefs, values and behaviours that are thought to be important ad appropriate to function effectively as a member of society

Question 15

agents of socialisation

Answer 15

• family
• schools
• mass media
• religious influences
• clubs

Question 16

define attachement

Answer 16

is a strong long lasting and close emotional bond between 2 people which causes distress on operation from the attached individual

Question 17

who was the theorist on attachment with monkeys

Answer 17

harlow, called harlows monkeys. He studied the attachment of a monkey who had be separated from his mother at birth. They were put in a cadge one with wire mesh with a bottle, and the other with a cloth. The monkeys spent most of the time with the cloth surrogate as it had ‘contact comfort’

Question 18

define contact comfort

Answer 18

the degree of warm physical contact made by a care giver soft and comfortable.

Question 19

who was the theorist on attachment with humans

Answer 19

john bowlby. children who were always close with their mothers would have avoided predators and grown up to have children of their own. Bowlbly believed that there was an optimum time were infants became imprinted by their mothers.

Question 20

define temperament

Answer 20

the general level of his or her emotional reactivity

Question 21

define monotrophy

Answer 21

the attachment as a close bond with just one attachment figure meant that a failure to initiate or a breakdown of the maternal attachment would lead to serious negative consequences.

Question 22

define maternal deprivation

Answer 22

refer to the separation or loss of the mother as well as the failure to develop an attachment.

Question 23

critical period

Answer 23

is an attachment has not formed within the critical time period then there will be negative effects

Question 24

who was professor Ainsworth et al and what did she do

Answer 24

She did the experiment with the strange situation. This measures infants in a series of episodes with his or her mother and a stranger. Ainsworth considered that they type of attachment relationship formed between mother and child depended on ho sensitive and responsive the mother was to her child’s signals and the nature of this relationship was shown through the infants responses to the situation

Question 25

What are 3 categories Ainsworth could categories the children into

Answer 25

Type A: anxious avoidant infants. They showed insecurity by avoiding their mothers failing to look at her and not trying to be close to her
Type B: secure infants. They used their mother as a secure base from which to explore the room
Type C: anxious resistant infants. They showed their insecurity by resisting their mothers such as by clinging to her but also kicking and pushing away

Question 26

criticisms to Bowlby

Answer 26

1- monotrophy is one bond which could only refer to one culture there are multiple attachments
2- Rutter (journalist) thinks people can have lots of attachments to different things and hasn’t made a difference between deprivation and privation

Question 27

what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find

Answer 27

they carried out an analysis of studies involving 32 samples from 8 different countries to look at similarities or differences between cultures. The found evidence of all 3 type of attachment and they found that differences within cultures were greater than differences between cultures

Question 28

What did Sagi suggest and find?

Answer 28

suggests that early child rearing practises can indeed lead to differences in the proportion of each attachment type. He compared the attachment behaviour of children reared in traditional as compared with home based Kibbutzim. They found that more children from the traditional Kibbutzim did show higher level of anxious and avoidant infants compared to a home based Kibbutzim

Question 29

What are the findings of Cox and his colleagues in parenting

Answer 29

found that mothers with a close and supportive relationship with their partner are more likely to be patient and nurturing in their relationship with their children

Question 30

what are 2 aspects of parenting

Answer 30

1- responsiveness: the level of support and affection shown by a parent
2- control: to the extent that parents supervise and regulate their child’s behaviour

Question 31

Authoritarian parenting?

Answer 31

demand obedience from their children, they set many rules and give few explanations for them. They are not interested in alternative viewpoints that their children may have. They often use power or withdrawal of love to enforce their rules.

Question 32

Authoritative parenting?

Answer 32

is a style that also sets limits for the children however the parents demands are reasonable and they make sure the children understand the reason for the rules they set. They are more responsive to alternate view points. These parents are warm and responsive in their interactions with their children.

Question 33

Permissive parenting?

Answer 33

provides parental acceptance of children but there are few rules of guidelines for the children to follow. Children activities are not closely monitored and parents rarely try and control their behaviour. Children are allowed to express themselves as they please.

Question 34

uninvolved parenting?

Answer 34

is displayed by parents who have either rejected their children or who are overwhelmed by the stresses in their own lives that they have no time or energy left for their children. They don’t set limits enforce behaviour or show interest in their children.

Question 35

what are different types of families

Answer 35

• blended family
• child
• dependant children
• family
• intact family
• non dependant family
• one parent family
• other family
• step family

Question 36

What are some changes to the traditional family unit?

Answer 36

• change in workforce participation by women and children
• reduction in the number of children in families
• increased mobility of the work force
• divorce rate

Question 37

5 factors that have created a negative consequence for families include a researcher

Answer 37

stanley, richardson and prior.
1- demographic changes: fewer children in families and people living longer
2- economic changes: globalisation and focus on profits
3- women in the workforce: caring for children
4- changes in family structure
5- increased technologies: technology creating less time for family bonding

Question 38

What are 5 practises that will help with the negative impacts on family

Answer 38

stanley, richardson and prior.
1- socialise with other families, strengthening communication
2- focus on social value of parenting
3- strengthening family and communities change in environment
4- safe place for children and good access of education
5- getting children outside

Question 39

Bowlbys internal working model

Answer 39

A thinking process that is built on past experiences and helps the individual consider responses and actions. This internal working model is a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others.