relational influences Flashcards
when does conflict occur?
when there is a perception that two parties, whether individuals or groups have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours or when individuals needs are not being met.
mirror image perceptions
identical distorted perceptions about the other parties when two parties are in conflict
why does conflict escalate
biased perceptions like these can lead to an escalation in hostility when biased attributions are made for behaviour when people assume that our motives are positive and theirs is negative.
imposed solutions
are dictated solutions sometimes one party is stronger and will impose a solution. at other times a 3rd party may impose a solution
distributive solutions
involve compromise or mutual concessions
integrative solutions
are often called win-win solutions because both sides can benefit from the decision reached
what did Follett highlight?
the sisters had a orange that they needed to share, they came to a distributive solution. One sister drank the juice and threw away the peel, the other used the peel and threw away the juice. The sisters did over look the integrative solution of one having the juice and the other having the peel
counselling
is often sought when conflict arises within families. One or both parties to the conflict may work with a counsellor in an effort to develop skills to help them deal with conflict directly.
Negotiation
involves parties who have some shared and some opposing interests coming together to try and reach an agreement
who were the researchers for negotiation?
Thompson and Hastie investigated the process of negotiation in a study involving participants who were assigned to the role of a buyer or a seller of a car. They found that most negotiators entered the negotiation expecting the others party interest to be opposed of their own.
Mediation
involves bringing in 3rd parties to help settle conflict. Mediators help the parties in dispute to focus on the issues and reach a voluntary solution.
what researcher conducted the longitudinal research study in relation to divorce mediation
robert emery, he found that divorce mediation can improve the following:
- settle a large percentage of cases
- spread settlement, save on money
- increase party satisfaction
- lead to improved relationships between non residental parents
- lead to improved relationships between divorced parents and children
What is arbitration
is a dispute resolution process in which a third party imposes a solution after listening to the conflicting parties present their cases.
define socialisation
the beliefs, values and behaviours that are thought to be important ad appropriate to function effectively as a member of society
agents of socialisation
- family
- schools
- mass media
- religious influences
- clubs
define attachement
is a strong long lasting and close emotional bond between 2 people which causes distress on operation from the attached individual
who was the theorist on attachment with monkeys
harlow, called harlows monkeys. He studied the attachment of a monkey who had be separated from his mother at birth. They were put in a cadge one with wire mesh with a bottle, and the other with a cloth. The monkeys spent most of the time with the cloth surrogate as it had ‘contact comfort’
define contact comfort
the degree of warm physical contact made by a care giver soft and comfortable.
who was the theorist on attachment with humans
john bowlby. children who were always close with their mothers would have avoided predators and grown up to have children of their own. Bowlbly believed that there was an optimum time were infants became imprinted by their mothers.
define temperament
the general level of his or her emotional reactivity
define monotrophy
the attachment as a close bond with just one attachment figure meant that a failure to initiate or a breakdown of the maternal attachment would lead to serious negative consequences.
define maternal deprivation
refer to the separation or loss of the mother as well as the failure to develop an attachment.
critical period
is an attachment has not formed within the critical time period then there will be negative effects
who was professor Ainsworth et al and what did she do
She did the experiment with the strange situation. This measures infants in a series of episodes with his or her mother and a stranger. Ainsworth considered that they type of attachment relationship formed between mother and child depended on ho sensitive and responsive the mother was to her child’s signals and the nature of this relationship was shown through the infants responses to the situation
What are 3 categories Ainsworth could categories the children into
Type A: anxious avoidant infants. They showed insecurity by avoiding their mothers failing to look at her and not trying to be close to her
Type B: secure infants. They used their mother as a secure base from which to explore the room
Type C: anxious resistant infants. They showed their insecurity by resisting their mothers such as by clinging to her but also kicking and pushing away
criticisms to Bowlby
1- monotrophy is one bond which could only refer to one culture there are multiple attachments
2- Rutter (journalist) thinks people can have lots of attachments to different things and hasn’t made a difference between deprivation and privation
what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find
they carried out an analysis of studies involving 32 samples from 8 different countries to look at similarities or differences between cultures. The found evidence of all 3 type of attachment and they found that differences within cultures were greater than differences between cultures
What did Sagi suggest and find?
suggests that early child rearing practises can indeed lead to differences in the proportion of each attachment type. He compared the attachment behaviour of children reared in traditional as compared with home based Kibbutzim. They found that more children from the traditional Kibbutzim did show higher level of anxious and avoidant infants compared to a home based Kibbutzim
What are the findings of Cox and his colleagues in parenting
found that mothers with a close and supportive relationship with their partner are more likely to be patient and nurturing in their relationship with their children
what are 2 aspects of parenting
1- responsiveness: the level of support and affection shown by a parent
2- control: to the extent that parents supervise and regulate their child’s behaviour
Authoritarian parenting?
demand obedience from their children, they set many rules and give few explanations for them. They are not interested in alternative viewpoints that their children may have. They often use power or withdrawal of love to enforce their rules.
Authoritative parenting?
is a style that also sets limits for the children however the parents demands are reasonable and they make sure the children understand the reason for the rules they set. They are more responsive to alternate view points. These parents are warm and responsive in their interactions with their children.
Permissive parenting?
provides parental acceptance of children but there are few rules of guidelines for the children to follow. Children activities are not closely monitored and parents rarely try and control their behaviour. Children are allowed to express themselves as they please.
uninvolved parenting?
is displayed by parents who have either rejected their children or who are overwhelmed by the stresses in their own lives that they have no time or energy left for their children. They don’t set limits enforce behaviour or show interest in their children.
what are different types of families
- blended family
- child
- dependant children
- family
- intact family
- non dependant family
- one parent family
- other family
- step family
What are some changes to the traditional family unit?
- change in workforce participation by women and children
- reduction in the number of children in families
- increased mobility of the work force
- divorce rate
5 factors that have created a negative consequence for families include a researcher
stanley, richardson and prior.
1- demographic changes: fewer children in families and people living longer
2- economic changes: globalisation and focus on profits
3- women in the workforce: caring for children
4- changes in family structure
5- increased technologies: technology creating less time for family bonding
What are 5 practises that will help with the negative impacts on family
stanley, richardson and prior.
1- socialise with other families, strengthening communication
2- focus on social value of parenting
3- strengthening family and communities change in environment
4- safe place for children and good access of education
5- getting children outside
Bowlbys internal working model
A thinking process that is built on past experiences and helps the individual consider responses and actions. This internal working model is a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others.
