reinvestment theory

Question 1

performance can be impaired by

Answer 1

over thinking and devoting too much attention to task

Question 2

amount of attentional resources required to execute skill

Answer 2

distinguishes experts from novices

• novices high attentional demands of skill (mvt consciously ctrl)
• experts low attentional demand (skill execution is automatic)

Question 3

stages of learning continuum

Answer 3

from cognitive
-skill is controlled by a sequence of separate units, jerky, inefficient
to automatic
- skill is controlled by one integrated unit, smooth, efficient

Question 4

automaticity

Answer 4

in autonomous stage skill execution operates by fast, efficient control procedures, largely without the assistance of attention

Question 5

reinvestment theory

Answer 5

under pressure, people reinvest explicit (declarative) knowledge - deautomization process in which performance suffers as we reinvest because we revert to an earlier (more novice) stage

Question 6

testing reinvestment theory (Masters et al 1993)

Answer 6

masters developed 20 item scale to measure trait reinvestment

Question 7

reinvestment scale validation (masters 1993)

Answer 7

• golf putting study showed those with higher reinvestment scores were worse at putting under pressure
• squash and tennis players study showed higher reinvestment scores for players that coaches rated more likely to choke under pressure

Question 8

resting reinvestment theory using psychophysiology (Weinberg & hunt 1976)

Answer 8

measured anxiety (questionnaire), reinvestment (muscular firing patterns) and performance (throwing accuracy

• showed novice like muscular firing patterns with greater anxiety and impaired performance with greater anxiety
• high trait anxious used more energy and co contraction instead of sequential contraction and less points scored

Question 9

reinvestment and muscular firing

Answer 9

Experts - show sequential agonist- antagonist muscle activity and ballistic mvts characterised by short bursts of muscle activity
Novice - impeded by co contraction, contract muscles longer than needed (novice like pattern of muscle activity under pressure indicates regression of skill acquisition continuum)

Question 10

testing reinvestment theory (PIjpers 2005)

Answer 10

measured anxiety (ratings, HR), reinvestment (mvt kinetics) and performance (time cross climbing wall)
- results showed high anxiety/HR and explored mvts as well as decreased performance

Question 11

reinvestment and mvt kinetics

Answer 11

expert mvts characterised by consistent, fast, smooth, effortless mvts
- novice mvts characterised by inconsistent, slow, jerky and effortful mvts (novice-like kinematics under pressure would represent regression on the skill acquisition continuum)

Question 12

learning study (Maxwell et al 2003)

Answer 12

two groups (one that had feedback - working memory dependant and the other didn’t see where ball went during practice)- measured rules generated, reinvestment (mvt kinematics) and performance (golf)- results showed WMD group generated more rules and jerky mvts and worse performance

Question 13

Cooke 2011 golf putting

Answer 13

measures conscious processing, mvt kinematics and performance - results showed low conscious processing and mvt kinematics in medium anxiety but more in high anxiety and performance better in medium that high anxiety (matching patterns)

Question 14

reinvestment theory (self-focus theory) offers alternative explanation to …

Answer 14

PET (a distraction theory) for impaired performance under pressure