quiet eye

Question 1

gaze rests on target before motor act initiated

Answer 1

visual information guides action - form of top-down attentional ctrl

Question 2

gaze action system (Land 2009)

Answer 2

schema ctrl-specifies the current task and plans the overall sequence of actions
gaze system-responsible for locating and fixating task-relevant objects
visual system-supplies visual information to gaze and motor systems
motor system-coordinates limbs to carry out the task

Question 3

visually guided actions are

Answer 3

task specific (goal directed) eye mvts that support planning and ctrl of manual action and are present throughout action sequences for more complex tasks- top down instructions dominate gaze behaviour in the performance of visually guided actions

Question 4

Quiet eye (Vickers 2007)

Answer 4

The final fixation directed to a single location or object in the visuomotor workspace within 3 degrees of visual angle for at least 100 ms- basically last fixation to a target before moving

Question 5

QE onset and offset

Answer 5

• onset occurs before final mvt in the motor task
• offset occurs when the fixation or tracking deviates off the target by more than 3 degrees of visual angle for more than 100 ms

Question 6

Reasons why QE helps performance according to bicker

Answer 6

Your brain, which ctrls your limbs, gets information about what to do from your eyes and while performing a visually guided motor task a neural network is informed by our gaze and is organised only briefly so window of optimal organisation opens up (brain not actually like this)

Question 7

elite tennis players

Answer 7

follow ball longer than other players and at impact their head and eyes are turned in the direction of the hitting zone (target)- keep eyes on ball up to moment of impact and after impact their head remains still and in direction of contact zone

Question 8

processes undermining QE

Answer 8

QE reflects the organisation of visual attention ctrl parameters of the mvt- longer QE improves performance by permitting us to extend the duration of motor planning required for accurate aiming mvts - longer and earlier QE periods associated with expertise and accuracy

Question 9

Quiet Eye Period

Answer 9

final fixation to a target before initiation of mvt - time acquisition of information for optimal coupling btw gaze and aiming mvt (ex: start of backswing in golf, first step in volleyball serve return, arm flexion in throwing, tiger pull in shooting)

Question 10

4 types of task

Answer 10

• abstract task (golf putting: hole & ball)
• single fixated target (basketball shooting)
• interceptive timing (goalkeeper, serve)
• tactical (when to pass)

Question 11

3 key aspects of putt

Answer 11

1) focus on ball prior to initiation of stroke
2) focus on ball during stroke
3) dwell (300ms) on ‘ball location’ just after stroke
vickers 1992

Question 12

vickers 1992 putting

Answer 12

low handicap players made fewer and shorter gazes - greater economy ?
low handicap players also fixated ball longer in preparation and swing phases, ball fixated on more putts and hits in low handicap players- quiet eye linked to better performance

Question 13

grand mean of QE duration in high and low handicap players (btw lots of studies)

Answer 13

low - 2317 ms
high- 1597 ms
from review of vickers 2012

Question 14

QEP duration greater

Answer 14

in skilled than less skilled players
for successful than unsuccessful shots
in hard than easy shots

Question 15

Penalty shooting - visual attention

Answer 15

keeper independent strategies most successful - target directed gaze important

Question 16

football penalty shots to target (wood & Wilson 2010)

Answer 16

less accurate and successful when goalie moves arms (distraction), his mvt captures gaze of kicker and when kicker is under pressure to win - QE trained better accuracy

Question 17

single target basket ball shooting (Vickers 1996)

Answer 17

longer QE in experts than non experts- longer final fixation on target (hoop/backboard) prior to initiation of final mvt (extension of arm toward target)

Question 18

Wilson et al 2009 basket ball shooting task

Answer 18

findings in ctrl condition replicate influence of QE in accuracy of performance - longer and earlier onset of QE on hits compared to missed shots ( also later and shorter QE under threat)

Question 19

ctrl modes (Panchuk 2006)

Answer 19

• predictive ctrl: actions are fully planned prior to their execution, based on early perceptually acquired information about ‘initial conditions’
• prospective ctrl: mvts are continuously updated to the point of interception

Question 20

Ice hockey goalies (panckuk & Vickers 2006)

Answer 20

• location of quiet eye: 70% puck/stick and 25% on ice in front of release point
• earlier onset and longer QE saves goals

Question 21

evidence for goaltenders using predictive ctrl mode Panchuk and vickers 2009

Answer 21

• early vision of puck and stick led to more saves
• an early and sustained QE on the puck
• poorer performance as more of shooter’s actions occluded
• slower RT when all but puck flight occluded
• 77% of glove saves using only single mvt

Question 22

Vickers 2006 tactical speed skaters

Answer 22

speed skaters faster when they fixated on the tangent point (bend in ice) compared to other locations

Question 23

Martell & vickers 2004 ice hockey defence and gaze

Answer 23

study showed that early in play, elite players used sorter duration fixations to specific locations than near elite players but later in play elites exhibited longer final gaze (QEP) to a relatively stable target - elite defensive team tactics was dependent on the use of 2 gaze behaviours that occurred in temporal sequence

Question 24

longer QEP for

Answer 24

more complex and difficult shots (billiards)

Question 25

possible mechanisms of QE

Answer 25

visuomotor ctrl/ self-organisation
external focus
implicit motor learning
fewer attentional resources required
attentional ctrl (avoid distractions)
psychological ctrl (on process not outcome)
general quiescence of motor system

Question 26

gaze in visuomotor learning (Sailer et al, 2005)

Answer 26

3 learning phases: exploratory (gaze follows cursor to targets), skill acquisition (gaze anticipates cursor) and skill refinement (gaze “anchored” to target) - gaze patterns and motor ctrl change during learning

Question 27

Vine and wilson 2010 golf putting

Answer 27

QE trained group vs ctrl- results showed that QE training increased QEP however no difference in performance btw groups, QE predicted 36% of the variant in performance during test phase, QE trained group has shorter QE when anxious but performance didn’t change

Question 28

Vine & Wilson 2011 Bball shooting

Answer 28

QE duration accounted for 54% (retentions) & 68% (pressure) of free throw performance- basically QE trained group did way better than ctrl in accuracy in both retention and performance

Question 29

implications of QE for novices

Answer 29

For coaching: limit technical instruction by teaching gaze and let body self-organise
deals with pressure: pre-shot routines and focus on ball contact

Question 30

Vine et al. 2011 putting

Answer 30

QE trained had longer QE period and performance in retention and pressure test

Question 31

Moore et al. 2012 putting

Answer 31

QE group had less error, increased QE duration, less acceleration, lower HR and lower muscle activity in retention and pressure test - improvements in response programming and concentration (speed up skill acquisition and robustify performance ) also improved kinematics

Question 32

Vine et al. 2013 that looked at analogy vs QE trained vs explicit ctrl

Answer 32

in retention and pressure, QE trained had less error and longer QE duration than analogy and explicit. Less continuous processing in analogy and QE as well as less explicit rules acquired- QE training in a way implicit but more effective