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Sport psychophysiology > emotion in sport > Flashcards

emotion in sport Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

influence of emotion in sport

A
  • motivational aspects (emotional experiences can energise sport involvement)
  • physical functioning (levels of arousal associated with emotions can facilitate or debilitate performance)
  • cognitive functioning (emotion can affect memory and concentration)
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2
Q

emotional influence on performance

A

performance can be influenced by how emotion impacts motivation, physical and cognitive functioning

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3
Q

emotional influence on moral behaviour

A

emotions (guilt) regulate moral conduct (Bandora 1991) and blunted emotions associated with antisocial acts (Frick & White 2008)

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4
Q

emotion (frederickson 2001)

A

Emotions are responses to events appraised consciously or unconsciously which influence internal changes in physiological arousal, cognitive functioning and body expression

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5
Q

components of emotion

A 
cognitive processes
feeling
motivational aspects
somatic responses
motor responses
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6
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

we have experiences for which our somatic and autonomic nervous system creates physiological changes, such as increased muscle tension and heart rate - emotions can happen as a result of these rather than cause them

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7
Q

criticisms of James-Lange theory

A
  • autonomic responses to emotions lack specificity
  • artificially increasing arousal via adrenaline does not always elicit strong emotion
  • spinal cord injured patients still experience emotions
  • fails to account for complexity of emotions
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8
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

we feel emotions and physiological arousal at the same time following an event - the thalamus receives a signal relaying this to the amygdala. the body then receives signals via the autonomic nervous system to tense muscles and increase HR

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9
Q

schachter’s theory

A

reconciled James-Lange’s theory of emotion with the addition of a cognitive component - stimulus to physiological arousal to reason of arousal (cognitive conscious) to emotional experience- we experience feelings and then decide what they mean

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10
Q

appraisal theory

A

individuals differ in how they respond emotionally to the same stimuli - theory argues that it is how individuals evaluate a situation which leads to emotional response - cognitive appraisal (conscious or unconscious) comes before the emotion and appraisal determines what emotion is elicited and how intense it should be

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11
Q

primary appraisal

A

importance & meaning individuals give to an event

  • motivational relevance: situation needs to be relevant to individuals goal to elicit an emotion
  • goal congruence: situation to goal match determines challenge (positive emotion) or threat (negative emotion)
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12
Q

secondary appraisal

A

evaluation of who is responsible for the situation and ability to deal with a demand
-accountability (self/other), coping potential (perceived ability to cope), future expectancy (expect get better/worse)

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13
Q

combinations of the secondary appraisal components determine the specific emotion experienced

A
  • anxiety: motivationally relevant, incongruent, low emotion-focussed coping potential
  • anger: motivationally relevant, incongruent, other-accountability
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14
Q

criticisms of appraisal theory

A
  • evidence is from vignettes and self-report: post hoc re-interpretations and unable to tap automatic processes
  • need for multi-method approach to the study of emotion, appraisals should be measured with physiology and behaviour responses rather than subjective self-report experiences
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15
Q

Dimensional theory

A

sub-emotional variables of valence and arousal are building blocks of emotional life - “Core Affect”

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16
Q

Barrett 2006 coe affect

A

stimuli elicit core affect which helps shape the emotional experience- core affect is a form of perception based on previous conceptual knowledge

17
Q

Biphasic model

A
  • biologically-relevant stimuli elicit unconditional emotional responses, which can be elaborated via conditioning procedures (images)
  • motivational basis for emotion is a simple two-factor organisation
  • emotion is defined via action tendencies based in brain systems that respond to appetitive or aversive stimuli
18
Q

action tendencies and emotional expression can include

A

physiological changes, behavioural tendencies and evaluative language

19
Q

affect program theory

A

basic emotions are building blocks of emotional life. Each emotion has a unique evolutionary neural circuit
each emotion gives rise to specific action tendencies and responses

20
Q

evidence for affect program theory

A

direct evidence: emotion specific neurological circuits

indirect evidence: universal emotion specific physiological responses and facial

21
Q

emotion involves

A
  • physiological responses (HR)
  • cognitive component (appraisal)
  • action tendency (fight/flight)
  • motor responses (facial expression)
22
Q

key theoretical aspects of emotion

A

1) cognitions (antecedents of emotion)
2) feelings (self-report)
3) physiological activity (peripheral autonomic and somatic responses, affect-modulated startle, central physiology -brain activity)
4) Behaviour and action tendencies (vocal characteristics, facial behaviours/expressions, whole body behaviours/expressions)

23
Q

self report measures

A
  • discrete emotion measures: anxiety specific scales (SAS-smith et al.1990, CSAI- Cox et a.2003), anger specific scales (anger sclae- Buss-perry 1992, CAAS- Maxwell & Moores 2004, sport emotion questionnaire- Jones et al.2005)
  • dimensional measures: PANAS- Watson et al.1998, SAM (self-assessment Manikin)- Bradley & lang 1994
24
Q

advantages of self-report measures

A
  • measure both discrete and dimensional approaches to emotion
  • quick and cheap way of assessing emotion
  • able to report emotions relating to different times
25
Q

disadvantages of self-report measures

A
  • individuals may not be aware of or able to report on emotional states
  • reporting bias
  • social desirability bias
26
Q

measuring emotion in sport limitations

A
  • narrow focus on anxiety in sport whereas other emotions neglected
  • almost exclusive reliance on self-report measures in sport whereas other measures (physiological and behaviour) neglected
27
Q

autonomic measures

A
  • ANS branches: sympathetic (activation) & parasympathetic (relaxation)
  • ANS activity: electrodermal activity (skin conductance, Cardiovascular activity (HR, HR variability, blood pressure)
28
Q

stumbler 2004 emotion specificity of ANS measures

A

Anger/fear increased: diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, facial skin temperature, muscle activity- decrease CO

29
Q

argues emotion-specific effects for ANS measures are inconsistent

A

cacioppo et al.2000

30
Q

brain activity measures of emotion

A

Cannon-bard 1927 proposed physiological correlates of emotion are more likely in brain activity than ANS activity
-EEG measures of emotion contrast activation of large brain areas … “frontal asymmetry” contrasts alpha power (cortical activation) of left and right frontal regions

31
Q

EEG studies of frontal asymmetry

A
  • frontal asymmetry reflects emotional valence: left side activation predicts more positive than negative emotion (Tomarken et al.1990)
  • frontal asymmetry reflects approach-avoidance: left side activation predicts approach motivation whereas right side activation predicts avoidant motivation (davidjn 1999)- anger/worry (negative, approach emotions) associated with greater left-frontal EEG activity
32
Q

fMRI studies

A
  • limited evidence for specificity in emotions and brain regions (sadness associated with activation of medial frontal cortex)
  • more evidence supports dimensional approach to emotions (approach related emotions are left-lateralised in brain )
33
Q

Theory, evidence and implication of behaviour

A
  • Theory: emotions evolved to aid communication and therefore prime behaviours that indicator emotional state to others (Darwin 1872/1965)
  • Evidence: emotions have been linked to action tendencies, including fight or flight (Frijda 1986)
  • Implication: emotions can be assessed by measuring behaviours, such as vocal, facial and body patterns
34
Q

Vocal characteristics

A
  • Measurement: pitch (frequency) & amplitude (loudness)
  • highly arousing emotions linked to high pitched vocal characteristics
  • emotional valence not associated with vocal characteristics
35
Q

Facial behaviour

A

-people display particular facial expressions when in a specific emotional state- facial action coding system assess 44 muscle mvts

36
Q

facial behaviour reliably indicate emotional valence (Russell 1994)

A
  • pleasant emotions: wrinkling of muscles around the eyes

- unpleasant emotions: eyebrows lowered and brought closer together

Sport psychophysiology (8 decks)

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