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Psychology3351 > Reinforcement in Contingency-Based Learning > Flashcards

Reinforcement in Contingency-Based Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect states

A

Behavior -> Satisfying Event = Stamped In

Behavior -> Annoying Event = Stamped Out

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2
Q

Skinner introduced what type of learning?

A

Consequence-based learning

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3
Q

Skinnerian Reinforcement is defined as

A

An increase in target behavior responding due to a contingent relationship between target behavior and a consequence

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4
Q

Skinnerian Punishment is defined as

A

A decrease in target behavior responding due to a contingent relationship between the target behavior and a consequence

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5
Q

Primary reinforcers are…?

A

Natural or unconditional reinforcers such as food, water, sex, shelter.

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6
Q

Secondary reinforcers are…?

A

Conditioned reinforcers such as money, grades, tokens, awards, praise.

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7
Q

Parts of Operant Conditioning Paradigm

A

Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence

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8
Q

Operant conditioning terminology: positive

A

Add a stimulus

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9
Q

Operant conditioning terminology: negative

A

Remove a stimulus

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10
Q

Operant conditioning terminology: reinforce

A

Increase a behavior

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11
Q

Operant conditioning terminology: punish

A

Decrease a behavior

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12
Q

A positive punishment would involve…

A

Adding an aversive to decrease behavior

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13
Q

A positive reinforcement would involve…

A

Adding an appetitive to increase behavior

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14
Q

A negative punishment would involve…

A

Removing an appetitive to decrease behavior

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15
Q

A negative reinforcement would involve…

A

Removing an aversive to increase behavior

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16
Q

Two components to “shaping” a behavior:

A
  1. Reinforce successive approximations to required response

2. Non-reinforce earlier response forms

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17
Q

“Chaining” involves…

A

a discriminitive stimulus that leads to a behavior as well as a reinforcing quality of the next event in the chain

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18
Q

Four variables affecting reinforcement:

A

Contingency
Contiguity
Magnitude
Deprivation

19
Q

_ is a good determiner of the strength of conditioning or the effectiveness of association

A

Extinction

20
Q

_ is an extreme, spontaneous recovery of a “forgotten” association

A

Extinction burst

21
Q

Hullian / Drive Reduction Theory

A

Special stimuli that satisfy or reduce a specific drive state act as reinforcers. Sandwiches satisfy hunger state, and so are reinforcing.

22
Q

Problem with Hullian / Drive Reduction Theory:

A

No explaination for secondary reinforcers

23
Q

Premack’s Relative Value Theory

A

Behaviors are reinforcing, in contrast to the stimuli. Eating is satisfying, sandwiches only satisfy because they can be eaten.

24
Q

Premack’s Principle / Differential Probability Theory states

A

High probability behaviors can serve to reinforce Low probability behavior

25
Q

Response Deprivation Theory states

A

Any behavior deprived below its free-running baseline can serve as a reinforcer

26
Q

Problem with Premack’s Relative Value Theory:

A

No explanation secondary reinforcers

High or low probability behavior is relative to the individual

27
Q

B.F. Skinner was inspired by Thorndike’s _ and Watson’s _.

A

The Law of Effect

Behaviorism

28
Q

Four theories of positive reinforcement include:

A

Hullian / Drive Reduction Theory;
Premack’s Relative Value Theory;
Premack’s Differential Probability Theory;
Response Deprivation Theory

29
Q

Theories of negative reinforcement:

A

Avoidance & Escape Theory;

30
Q

Four types of simple contingent reinforcement schedules:

A

Ratio
Interval
Duration
Differential

31
Q

Tween simple fixed ratio and simple variable ratio, which creates stronger associations?

A

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

32
Q

Phenomena associated with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?

A

Post reinforcement pause

33
Q

Three explanations for post reinforcement pause:

A

Fatigue
Satiation
Feedback loop

34
Q

_ involves teaching an animal to associate an operant reinforcer with a secondary reinforcer.

A

“Bridging”

35
Q

Differential schedules involves…

A

providing reinforcement only after a target behavior has been limited or increased to a minimum point

36
Q

Differential reinforcement low aims to…

A

reduce behavior

37
Q

Differential reinforcement high aims to…

A

increase behavior

38
Q

Which simple reinforcement schedule results in scalloped response/time graph?

A

Fixed interval

39
Q

Humphrey’s Paradox

A

Partial reinforcement, found in variable ratio schedules, thin, or stretched schedules, have stronger associative strength than fixed ratio. Extinction takes longer.

40
Q

Theories explaing Humphrey’s Paradox

A

Discrimination Theory
Frustration Theory
Sequential Theory
Response Unit Theory

41
Q

Discrimination Theory states

A

Partial reinforcement works better bc it’s more difficult to distinguish between extinction and interval ratio scheduling.

42
Q

Frustration Theory states

A

Partial reinforcement works better bc removing frustration of a failed previously reinforced behavior reinforcers that behavior.

43
Q

Sequential Theory states

A

SSS

Psychology3351 (4 decks)

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