exam 2

Question 1

Thorndike concluded that the cat’s treadle stepping behavior increased with each escape from the puzzle box because…

Answer 1

the behavior had been “stamped in”

Question 2

According to one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by…

Answer 2

reduction in number of aversive events

Question 3

Which schedule of reinforcement would keep a dog responding to commands if dog biscuits were about to run out?

Answer 3

Intermittent reinforcement

Question 4

The explanation of PRE that refutes its very existence is the _

Answer 4

frustration hypothesis

Question 5

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a/an _

Answer 5

secondary reinforcer

Question 6

Clark Hull’s explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers…

Answer 6

reduce drives

Question 7

Advocates of _ believe the reinforcement properties of an event depend on access to high probability behavior

Answer 7

relative value theory

Question 8

A graph of response rates under different schedules would be characterized by a straight line for _ schedules and scalloped lines for _ schedules

Answer 8

variable interval; fixed interval

Question 9

According to _ theory, school children are eager to go out at recess because they haven’t done so for hours.

Answer 9

response deprivation

Question 10

Sometimes a schedule of extinction results in _

Answer 10

resurgence

Question 11

If one believes vacations are best because they can get away from stress, their vacation-taking behavior is influenced by

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

After a relationship is learned a researcher only offers reinforcers at a greater and greater number of responses. This procedure is called _

Answer 12

stretching the ratio

Question 13

A DRL interval would be most useful in which scenario

Answer 13

Teaching someone not to do an unwanted behavior (stop fingernail biting)

Question 14

The operant schedule that is not an intermittent/partial schedule is

Answer 14

Fixed Ratio 1 (FR1)

Question 15

Thorndike’s law of effect explains a tarantula’s increase in jumping behavior before successful escapes by saying

Answer 15

the behavior resulted in escape and was “stamped in”

Question 16

In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, which would Premack suggest you need to know?

Answer 16

The probabilities of each response

Question 17

A bad behavior reappears when the reinforcement for good behavior is suddenly removed. What should be done from an operant conditioning perspective?

Answer 17

Good behavior should be reinforced on an intermittent basis

Question 18

The experience of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the _ hypothesis

Answer 18

frustration

Question 19

Punishing a child after she admits to accidentally breaking a cookie jar will likely learn what?

Answer 19

It doesn’t pay to tell the truth

Question 20

According to the two factor theory of negative reinforcement, behavior can be accounted for by…

Answer 20

both classical and operant conditioning

Question 21

Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps…

Answer 21

use insight to come up with novel solutions to problems

Question 22

Robert Rescorla believes that the feature of the conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its _

Answer 22

salience

Question 23

What’s the plot of Walden Two?

Answer 23

A utopian society where the principles of reinforcement allow people to lead happy, fulfilling lives

Question 24

What are the steps to systematic desensitization?

Answer 24

Develop fear hierarchy
Learn relaxation techniques
Ascend hierarchy whilst relaxing

Question 25

According to Skinner, internal mental states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning…

Answer 25

exist but should not be used to explain behavior

Question 26

Giving good students free time on cell phones and bad students difficult assignments to turn in show _ and _ respectively

Answer 26

positive reinforcement; positive punishment

Question 27

Using a Resorla-Wagner model and a salience level of C=.9, how many pairings are needed before full (asymptotic) association?

Answer 27

Two pairings

Question 28

The behavior of removing a shoe with a pebble in in is an example of _

Answer 28

negative reinforcement

Question 29

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in _ learning that is _ to extinguish

Answer 29

slower; harder

Question 30

A chain schedule is most like a _ schedule

Answer 30

tandem

Question 31

A girl is scolded after stealing a cookie. This is an example of _

Answer 31

positive punishment

Question 32

Allowing two behaviors with two different types of reinforcement schedules means the animal is on a _ schedule

Answer 32

concurrent

Question 33

Regarding the effectiveness of reinforcement, humans are more influenced by reinforcement in terms of _ while other animals are more influenced by reinforcement in terms of _

Answer 33

magnitude; delay to availability

Question 34

Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of _

Answer 34

negative reinforcement

Question 35

To avoid conditioned taste aversion, cancer patients are sometimes given … during chemotherapy

Answer 35

unusually flavored candies or ice cream

Question 36

When yelling at your sister does not reinforce the frequency of her behavior, it can be concluded that

Answer 36

her behavior is not being punished

Question 37

What will cause the frequency of an operant response to decrease?

Answer 37

Punishment

Extinction

Question 38

A discriminative stimulus signals…

Answer 38

reinforcement is available for a particular response

Question 39

Probably the best way to increase the number of comments in a psych of learning class is to…

Answer 39

praise all comments spoken in the psych of learning class