exam 2 Flashcards
Thorndike concluded that the cat’s treadle stepping behavior increased with each escape from the puzzle box because…
the behavior had been “stamped in”
According to one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by…
reduction in number of aversive events
Which schedule of reinforcement would keep a dog responding to commands if dog biscuits were about to run out?
Intermittent reinforcement
The explanation of PRE that refutes its very existence is the _
frustration hypothesis
The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a/an _
secondary reinforcer
Clark Hull’s explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers…
reduce drives
Advocates of _ believe the reinforcement properties of an event depend on access to high probability behavior
relative value theory
A graph of response rates under different schedules would be characterized by a straight line for _ schedules and scalloped lines for _ schedules
variable interval; fixed interval
According to _ theory, school children are eager to go out at recess because they haven’t done so for hours.
response deprivation
Sometimes a schedule of extinction results in _
resurgence
If one believes vacations are best because they can get away from stress, their vacation-taking behavior is influenced by
negative reinforcement
After a relationship is learned a researcher only offers reinforcers at a greater and greater number of responses. This procedure is called _
stretching the ratio
A DRL interval would be most useful in which scenario
Teaching someone not to do an unwanted behavior (stop fingernail biting)
The operant schedule that is not an intermittent/partial schedule is
Fixed Ratio 1 (FR1)
Thorndike’s law of effect explains a tarantula’s increase in jumping behavior before successful escapes by saying
the behavior resulted in escape and was “stamped in”
In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, which would Premack suggest you need to know?
The probabilities of each response
A bad behavior reappears when the reinforcement for good behavior is suddenly removed. What should be done from an operant conditioning perspective?
Good behavior should be reinforced on an intermittent basis
The experience of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the _ hypothesis
frustration
Punishing a child after she admits to accidentally breaking a cookie jar will likely learn what?
It doesn’t pay to tell the truth
According to the two factor theory of negative reinforcement, behavior can be accounted for by…
both classical and operant conditioning
Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps…
use insight to come up with novel solutions to problems
Robert Rescorla believes that the feature of the conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its _
salience
What’s the plot of Walden Two?
A utopian society where the principles of reinforcement allow people to lead happy, fulfilling lives
What are the steps to systematic desensitization?
Develop fear hierarchy
Learn relaxation techniques
Ascend hierarchy whilst relaxing
According to Skinner, internal mental states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning…
exist but should not be used to explain behavior
Giving good students free time on cell phones and bad students difficult assignments to turn in show _ and _ respectively
positive reinforcement; positive punishment
Using a Resorla-Wagner model and a salience level of C=.9, how many pairings are needed before full (asymptotic) association?
Two pairings
The behavior of removing a shoe with a pebble in in is an example of _
negative reinforcement
Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in _ learning that is _ to extinguish
slower; harder
A chain schedule is most like a _ schedule
tandem
A girl is scolded after stealing a cookie. This is an example of _
positive punishment
Allowing two behaviors with two different types of reinforcement schedules means the animal is on a _ schedule
concurrent
Regarding the effectiveness of reinforcement, humans are more influenced by reinforcement in terms of _ while other animals are more influenced by reinforcement in terms of _
magnitude; delay to availability
Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of _
negative reinforcement
To avoid conditioned taste aversion, cancer patients are sometimes given … during chemotherapy
unusually flavored candies or ice cream
When yelling at your sister does not reinforce the frequency of her behavior, it can be concluded that
her behavior is not being punished
What will cause the frequency of an operant response to decrease?
Punishment
Extinction
A discriminative stimulus signals…
reinforcement is available for a particular response
Probably the best way to increase the number of comments in a psych of learning class is to…
praise all comments spoken in the psych of learning class
