exam 1 Flashcards
Habituation is a type of _
non-associative learning
With the discovery of _, the theory of natural selection was updated and given a mechanism for _
genes; heritability
The principle of classical conditioning where the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli is what?
discrimination
Modal action patterns are induced by events called
releasers
An experimental study is better than a correlational study if our goal is to discover whether changes in one variable..
causes changes in a second variable
Learning is best defined as “a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to _”
experience
Jessica laughs at Caleb after his attempted courtship. In classical conditioning terms, this is _ conditioning
trace
Jessica laughs at Caleb after his attempted courtship. In classical conditioning terms, Caleb blushing when he sees Jessica means Jessica has become a…
CS for blushing
Spontaneous recovery is associated with
extinction
What’s a statement a behaviorist would never agree with?
“Mental events should be the focus of research”
According to behaviorists, do we need to be aware that the CS and US are being paired in order to learn a CR?
No; behaviorists believed association between CS & US occurs automatically
Nativism is to _ and Empiricism is to _
innate knowledge, experience
The fact that spontaneous recovery often occurs shows that…
extinction does not necessarily cause the unlearning of an association between CS and US
Consistently electrocuting John but inconsistently electrocuting Jalyn will show a _ CR in _ than _
stronger, John, Jalyn
A developed fear response to Mozart’s music that also occurs to any classical music is known as _
generalization
As a behavioral therapist you focus on the _ of behavior as the purpose of that behavior. You are largely unconcerned with _
function, hypothetical constructs
Laws and principles differ in that laws are _ and principles are _
Laws- accurate beyond a doubt
Principles- predictable the majority of the time
In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the…
time between CS and US
A _ is a collection of related statements whose main function is to summarize and explain observations
theory
A dog showing a fear response again to cats after a period of extinguished response can be explain how?
He has shown spontaneous recovery of the fear response
What is CER, by definition?
An emotional response like anxiety or happiness, set off by a CS
The ‘ABC’ description of the functional analysis of behavior:
Antecedents
Behavior
Consequences
Immediate exposure of one stimuli with another, like a light illuminating a mirror, is a _ schedule of CS-US pairing.
simultaneous
Pavlovian conditioning is also called _ conditioning
Associative
Classical
With respect to learning, the theory of biological preparedness states that…
humans have evolved to learn certain kinds of associations very easily
A researcher conducted an experiment to see if increasing water consumption lessens the visible effects of rosacea. The dependent variable was…
the visible effects of the skin
The researcher who might have become known as the American Pavlov through conditioning various emotional responses was _
John B. Watson
In an experiment on teaching method, teaching Phyllis by method A and Gertrude by method B then comparing the exam scores between the two is an example of what experimental design?
Between-subjects design
The experiments of Harlow demonstrated that how monkeys are reared…
can have a profound effect on their behavior later in life
A thumbtack placed in a board and a thumbtack placed in your butt cheek differ in your resulting behavior because the latter is a more salient _
stimulus
According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, the two core inferences made are _ and _
There is an individual struggle for survival;
Differential survival rates are based on specific characteristics
If earth suffered from another ice age TOMORROW, _ would be more adaptive than _
learning, physical evolution
The phenomenon of _ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversion to novel foods than to familiar ones
latent inhibition
A correlation coefficient of r=-1.09 indicates a(n)…
error in computation
In John B. Watson’s famous experiment, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat but demonstrated a fear of other furry white objects. This is an example of _
stimulus generalization
In an experiment on temp and aggressive behavior, recording behavior at 70°F and again at 90°F+ is an example of what experimental design?`
Within-subject design
Associating a fear-inducing childhood experience with a goalie mask means the goalie mask has become a…
a CS for fear
When two stimuli are presented with an US multiple times but one stimuli is an effective CS while the other is not, one stimuli is _ the other
overshadowing
