Regulation Quiz Flashcards
Nutrients that animals require but cannot produce from raw materials
Essential nutrients
Produces food on their own via chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
Autotroph
Obtains energy by eating / digesting plants or algae
Heterotroph
Obtains energy by eating / digesting animals
Carnivore
Obtains energy by eating / digesting a mix of plants and animals
Omnivore
Mouth & anus are the same opening
Incomplete digestion
Mouth and anus are different openings
Complete digestion
Describe the avian digestive system
- no teeth
- high metabolic rate (in order to fly)
- two chamber stomach (proventiculus + gizzard)
Where gastric juices in the avian digestive system are produces to digest the food before it enters the stomach
Proventiculus
Where food is stores, soaked, and mechanically ground
Gizzard
Describe the ruminant digestive system
- herbivores
- no upper teeth
- 4 chambers in stomach (polygastric)
- contain microbes and enzymes to help break down high levels of cellulose
Describe the psudo ruminant digestive system
- eats only plants and roughage
- 3 chambers stomach
- contain bacteria that can break down cellulose
Single chambers stomach
Monogastric
Function of teeth
Masticates food by chewing
Function of tongue
Secretes lipase
Function of salivary glands
3 glands that secrete saliva (containing amylase for starch breakdown)
What is the pharynx
Opening that leads to the trachea and esophagus
Flap that blocks food from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
Esophagus
Wave-like motion of muscle tissue that pushed food through the digestive system
Peristalsis
Wave-like structure in the digestive system — opens when swallowing & closes when not
Sphincter
Folds on the inner lining of the stomach
Gastric ruggae
Examples of mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach
- mechanical: churns food
- chemical: acids and enzymes break down food into monomers
Parietal cells
Cells that produce HCl
Chief cells
Cells that secrete pepsin
Gastric juice
Enzymes and acids that are secreted into the stomach
Chyme
Partially digested good and gastric juice mix; travels from the stomach to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter
Main functions of liver
Digest fats, detoxify blood, store glycogen
Function of bile
Digestive juices necessary to break down fatty components in the duodenum
What produces bile
Liver
Blood glucose levels are maintained through a feedback loops which involve these two hormones
- insulin: decreases by transporting glucose into cells
- glucagon: increases by promoting release of glucose
Disease in which blood glucose levels are too high
Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Doesnt produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Body doesnt make enough insulin or use insulin well
Main function of the pancreas
Produce enzymes and digestive juices to neutralize chyme
Bicarbonate is located in the
Pancreas
When is bile secretes from the gall bladder into the small intestine
When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum
Main function of small intestine
Digestion and absorption
Finger-like projection son the inner lining of the small intestine
Villi
Each villus contains ______ that diffuse and transport monomers into the circulatory system and lymph systems
Capillaries
When people with this desasease eat gluten, an immune response tacks their villi and inhibits the absorption of proper nutrients
Ciliac disease
Main function of large intestine
Compact water and reabsorbs water
Where undigested foods are stored until they exit the anus
Rectum
How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis
Controlling and regulating the other parts of the body
How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis
Regulates the concentration of water and other components of bodily fluids
Loops that reduces the stimulus
Negative feedback
Loop that amplifies the stimulus
Positive feedback
Osmoregulation
mechanism by which water and solute concentration are maintained at desired levels
Osmoconformer
Organism that changes its tonicity based on its environment
Osmoregulator
Organism that maintains its tonicity irrespective of its environment
The process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the blood
Excretion
Three steps in which the excretory system maintains homeostasis
- Filtration: filters substances from the blood
- Reabsorbtion: regulates the chemical composition of bodily fluids by retaining proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients
- Secretion: eliminates wastes in the form of urine
Main organs of the excretory system
- kidneys
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
Artery that enters kidney
Renal artery
Vein that leves kidney
Renal vein
Paired organs that receive the blood via the renal artery
Kidney
Function of kidneys
To filter blood and regulate water levels
Main filtering units of kidneys
Nephrons
Microscopic functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Bowmans capsule
Sac-like structure where the filtrate is absorbed
Loop of henle
Long loop in the medulla
- extracts water from filtrate
- pumps out salts we want
- creates concentration in the medulla
Collecting duct
Final step — collection of urine in the kidney
Ureter
Tube that leaves each kidney and carries urine to the bladder
Urinary bladder
Organ where urine is stored before being excreted
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of the body
What produces ADH levels
Hypothalamus
What does ADH do
Stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephrons
If there is a high fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion
- lower rate of ADH secretion
- more urine
If there is a low fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion
- higher rate of ADH secretion
- less urine
These two things inhibit the secretion of ADH
- coffee
- alcohol
Respiration
Uptake of oxygen from the environment and discharge of carbon dioxide into the environment
Source of O2
Respiratory medium (air for terrestrial animals & water for aquatic animals)
Respiratory surface
Part of animals body where fases are exchanged with the environment
Respiratory surface must be
- Respiratory surface needs to be moist
- Thick for quick diffusion
- Needs to be a favorable surface area: volume ratio
Respiratory organ for silkworms & amphibians
Skin — use capillaries
Respiratory organ in aquatic animals
Gills — water flows in & capillaries with wall of gills pink up oxygen
Tracheal systems in insects
Network of small tubes that carry O2 to the entire body
Openings along the thorax & abdomen where gases are exchanged
Spiracles
Main functions of human respiratory system
- Obtain oxygen & remove carbon dioxide
- Filter incoming air
- Control temperature and moisture content of incoming air
- Regulate blood pH
- Produce vocal sounds
Gas exchange occurs primarily through _________
Diffusion
Partial pressure
A measure of the concentration of the individual components in a gas mixture
Obtaining sufficient oxygen becomes more _______ as altitude increases
Difficult
Upper respiratory tract includes
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment
Pharynx is the
Throat
Main function of the upper respiratory tract
- Serves as main passageway for gas exchange
- filter air
Warm and moisten air
Lower respiratory tract includes
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
- diaphragm
Function of trachea
Funnel inhaled air to lungs and exhaled air to environment
Branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in lungs
Bronchial tree
What is bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial tubes
Right lung has ___ lobes and left lung has ___ lobes
- right: 3
- left: 2
Lung disease that leads to lower elasticity in lungs and blocks diffusion
Emphysema
Air sacs cluttered at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs
Alveoli
Why are alveoli good for gas exchange
- large surface area
- thin layer = good for diffusion
This controls breathing by contracting and relaxing
Diaphragm
Breathing is controlled by ______
Medulla and pons in the brain
- influenced by pH in the blood, which indicated blood oxygen levels - increased metabolic activity lowers pH by increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
During inhalation, volume ______ & pressure _______
- v: increases
- p: decreases
Why does air rush into the thoracic cavity when we inhale
- volume increases as diaphragm contracts
- pressure decreases as a result
- drop in pressure —> air rushes into passage ways
Main functions of circulatory system
- transport of gases, hormones and nutrients
- aids in thermoregulation (for endotherms)
- protection (transports wbc)
Open circulatory system
Blood pumped by a heart into body cavities (mollusks and arthropods)
Closed circulatory system
Blood pumped by heart into vessels — never fills cavities (vertebrates)
Components of blood
- plasma
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
Function of plasma
Transport waste, nutrients, gas & hormones
- carries RBC, WBC & platelets
- contains ions, electrolytes and proteins
Function of RBC
Transport oxygen and hemoglobin
Sickle cell
Caused by an allele that codes for a mutant hemoglobin molecule
Function of platelets
Fragments of cels responsible for clotting
Hemophilia
Inherited disorder where affected humans produce low levels of clotting factors
How oxygen enters the blood stream
Diffuses into capillaries from alveoli in lungs
How oxygen exits blood stream
Diffuses into cells after passing through interstitial fluid
Fluid surrounding body cells
Interstitial fluid
feedback loop for each system
.
