Regulation Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Nutrients that animals require but cannot produce from raw materials
A
Essential nutrients
2
Q
Produces food on their own via chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
A
Autotroph
3
Q
Obtains energy by eating / digesting plants or algae
A
Heterotroph
4
Q
Obtains energy by eating / digesting animals
A
Carnivore
5
Q
Obtains energy by eating / digesting a mix of plants and animals
A
Omnivore
6
Q
Mouth & anus are the same opening
A
Incomplete digestion
7
Q
Mouth and anus are different openings
A
Complete digestion
8
Q
Describe the avian digestive system
A
- no teeth
- high metabolic rate (in order to fly)
- two chamber stomach (proventiculus + gizzard)
9
Q
Where gastric juices in the avian digestive system are produces to digest the food before it enters the stomach
A
Proventiculus
10
Q
Where food is stores, soaked, and mechanically ground
A
Gizzard
11
Q
Describe the ruminant digestive system
A
- herbivores
- no upper teeth
- 4 chambers in stomach (polygastric)
- contain microbes and enzymes to help break down high levels of cellulose
12
Q
Describe the psudo ruminant digestive system
A
- eats only plants and roughage
- 3 chambers stomach
- contain bacteria that can break down cellulose
13
Q
Single chambers stomach
A
Monogastric
14
Q
Function of teeth
A
Masticates food by chewing
15
Q
Function of tongue
A
Secretes lipase
16
Q
Function of salivary glands
A
3 glands that secrete saliva (containing amylase for starch breakdown)
17
Q
What is the pharynx
A
Opening that leads to the trachea and esophagus
18
Q
Flap that blocks food from entering the trachea
A
Epiglottis
19
Q
Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
A
Esophagus
20
Q
Wave-like motion of muscle tissue that pushed food through the digestive system
A
Peristalsis
21
Q
Wave-like structure in the digestive system — opens when swallowing & closes when not
A
Sphincter
22
Q
Folds on the inner lining of the stomach
A
Gastric ruggae
23
Q
Examples of mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach
A
- mechanical: churns food
- chemical: acids and enzymes break down food into monomers
24
Q
Parietal cells
A
Cells that produce HCl
25
Chief cells
Cells that secrete pepsin
26
Gastric juice
Enzymes and acids that are secreted into the stomach
27
Chyme
Partially digested good and gastric juice mix; travels from the stomach to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter
28
Main functions of liver
Digest fats, detoxify blood, store glycogen
29
Function of bile
Digestive juices necessary to break down fatty components in the duodenum
30
What produces bile
Liver
31
Blood glucose levels are maintained through a feedback loops which involve these two hormones
- insulin: decreases by transporting glucose into cells
| - glucagon: increases by promoting release of glucose
32
Disease in which blood glucose levels are too high
Diabetes
33
Type 1 diabetes
Doesnt produce insulin
34
Type 2 diabetes
Body doesnt make enough insulin or use insulin well
35
Main function of the pancreas
Produce enzymes and digestive juices to neutralize chyme
36
Bicarbonate is located in the
Pancreas
37
When is bile secretes from the gall bladder into the small intestine
When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum
38
Main function of small intestine
Digestion and absorption
39
Finger-like projection son the inner lining of the small intestine
Villi
40
Each villus contains ______ that diffuse and transport monomers into the circulatory system and lymph systems
Capillaries
41
When people with this desasease eat gluten, an immune response tacks their villi and inhibits the absorption of proper nutrients
Ciliac disease
42
Main function of large intestine
Compact water and reabsorbs water
43
Where undigested foods are stored until they exit the anus
Rectum
44
How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis
Controlling and regulating the other parts of the body
45
How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis
Regulates the concentration of water and other components of bodily fluids
46
Loops that reduces the stimulus
Negative feedback
47
Loop that amplifies the stimulus
Positive feedback
48
Osmoregulation
mechanism by which water and solute concentration are maintained at desired levels
49
Osmoconformer
Organism that changes its tonicity based on its environment
50
Osmoregulator
Organism that maintains its tonicity irrespective of its environment
51
The process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the blood
Excretion
52
Three steps in which the excretory system maintains homeostasis
1. Filtration: filters substances from the blood
2. Reabsorbtion: regulates the chemical composition of bodily fluids by retaining proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients
3. Secretion: eliminates wastes in the form of urine
53
Main organs of the excretory system
1. kidneys
2. Ureter
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
54
Artery that enters kidney
Renal artery
55
Vein that leves kidney
Renal vein
56
Paired organs that receive the blood via the renal artery
Kidney
57
Function of kidneys
To filter blood and regulate water levels
58
Main filtering units of kidneys
Nephrons
59
Microscopic functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
60
Bowmans capsule
Sac-like structure where the filtrate is absorbed
61
Loop of henle
Long loop in the medulla
- extracts water from filtrate
- pumps out salts we want
- creates concentration in the medulla
62
Collecting duct
Final step — collection of urine in the kidney
63
Ureter
Tube that leaves each kidney and carries urine to the bladder
64
Urinary bladder
Organ where urine is stored before being excreted
65
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of the body
66
What produces ADH levels
Hypothalamus
67
What does ADH do
Stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephrons
68
If there is a high fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion
- lower rate of ADH secretion
| - more urine
69
If there is a low fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion
- higher rate of ADH secretion
| - less urine
70
These two things inhibit the secretion of ADH
- coffee
| - alcohol
71
Respiration
Uptake of oxygen from the environment and discharge of carbon dioxide into the environment
72
Source of O2
Respiratory medium (air for terrestrial animals & water for aquatic animals)
73
Respiratory surface
Part of animals body where fases are exchanged with the environment
74
Respiratory surface must be
1. Respiratory surface needs to be moist
2. Thick for quick diffusion
3. Needs to be a favorable surface area: volume ratio
75
Respiratory organ for silkworms & amphibians
Skin — use capillaries
76
Respiratory organ in aquatic animals
Gills — water flows in & capillaries with wall of gills pink up oxygen
77
Tracheal systems in insects
Network of small tubes that carry O2 to the entire body
78
Openings along the thorax & abdomen where gases are exchanged
Spiracles
79
Main functions of human respiratory system
1. Obtain oxygen & remove carbon dioxide
2. Filter incoming air
3. Control temperature and moisture content of incoming air
4. Regulate blood pH
5. Produce vocal sounds
80
Gas exchange occurs primarily through _________
Diffusion
81
Partial pressure
A measure of the concentration of the individual components in a gas mixture
82
Obtaining sufficient oxygen becomes more _______ as altitude increases
Difficult
83
Upper respiratory tract includes
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
84
Nasal cavity
Opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment
85
Pharynx is the
Throat
86
Main function of the upper respiratory tract
- Serves as main passageway for gas exchange
- filter air
Warm and moisten air
87
Lower respiratory tract includes
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
- diaphragm
88
Function of trachea
Funnel inhaled air to lungs and exhaled air to environment
89
Branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in lungs
Bronchial tree
90
What is bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial tubes
91
Right lung has ___ lobes and left lung has ___ lobes
- right: 3
| - left: 2
92
Lung disease that leads to lower elasticity in lungs and blocks diffusion
Emphysema
93
Air sacs cluttered at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs
Alveoli
94
Why are alveoli good for gas exchange
- large surface area
| - thin layer = good for diffusion
95
This controls breathing by contracting and relaxing
Diaphragm
96
Breathing is controlled by ______
Medulla and pons in the brain
- influenced by pH in the blood, which indicated blood oxygen levels
- increased metabolic activity lowers pH by increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
97
During inhalation, volume ______ & pressure _______
- v: increases
| - p: decreases
98
Why does air rush into the thoracic cavity when we inhale
- volume increases as diaphragm contracts
- pressure decreases as a result
- drop in pressure —> air rushes into passage ways
99
Main functions of circulatory system
- transport of gases, hormones and nutrients
- aids in thermoregulation (for endotherms)
- protection (transports wbc)
100
Open circulatory system
Blood pumped by a heart into body cavities (mollusks and arthropods)
101
Closed circulatory system
Blood pumped by heart into vessels — never fills cavities (vertebrates)
102
Components of blood
- plasma
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
103
Function of plasma
Transport waste, nutrients, gas & hormones
- carries RBC, WBC & platelets
- contains ions, electrolytes and proteins
104
Function of RBC
Transport oxygen and hemoglobin
105
Sickle cell
Caused by an allele that codes for a mutant hemoglobin molecule
106
Function of platelets
Fragments of cels responsible for clotting
107
Hemophilia
Inherited disorder where affected humans produce low levels of clotting factors
108
How oxygen enters the blood stream
Diffuses into capillaries from alveoli in lungs
109
How oxygen exits blood stream
Diffuses into cells after passing through interstitial fluid
110
Fluid surrounding body cells
Interstitial fluid
111
feedback loop for each system
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