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AP Biology > Regulation Quiz > Flashcards

Regulation Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrients that animals require but cannot produce from raw materials

A

Essential nutrients

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2
Q

Produces food on their own via chemosynthesis or photosynthesis

A

Autotroph

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3
Q

Obtains energy by eating / digesting plants or algae

A

Heterotroph

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4
Q

Obtains energy by eating / digesting animals

A

Carnivore

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5
Q

Obtains energy by eating / digesting a mix of plants and animals

A

Omnivore

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6
Q

Mouth & anus are the same opening

A

Incomplete digestion

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7
Q

Mouth and anus are different openings

A

Complete digestion

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8
Q

Describe the avian digestive system

A
  • no teeth
  • high metabolic rate (in order to fly)
  • two chamber stomach (proventiculus + gizzard)
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9
Q

Where gastric juices in the avian digestive system are produces to digest the food before it enters the stomach

A

Proventiculus

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10
Q

Where food is stores, soaked, and mechanically ground

A

Gizzard

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11
Q

Describe the ruminant digestive system

A
  • herbivores
  • no upper teeth
  • 4 chambers in stomach (polygastric)
  • contain microbes and enzymes to help break down high levels of cellulose
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12
Q

Describe the psudo ruminant digestive system

A
  • eats only plants and roughage
  • 3 chambers stomach
  • contain bacteria that can break down cellulose
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13
Q

Single chambers stomach

A

Monogastric

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14
Q

Function of teeth

A

Masticates food by chewing

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15
Q

Function of tongue

A

Secretes lipase

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16
Q

Function of salivary glands

A

3 glands that secrete saliva (containing amylase for starch breakdown)

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17
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Opening that leads to the trachea and esophagus

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18
Q

Flap that blocks food from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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20
Q

Wave-like motion of muscle tissue that pushed food through the digestive system

A

Peristalsis

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21
Q

Wave-like structure in the digestive system — opens when swallowing & closes when not

A

Sphincter

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22
Q

Folds on the inner lining of the stomach

A

Gastric ruggae

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23
Q

Examples of mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach

A
  • mechanical: churns food

- chemical: acids and enzymes break down food into monomers

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24
Q

Parietal cells

A

Cells that produce HCl

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25
Q

Chief cells

A

Cells that secrete pepsin

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26
Q

Gastric juice

A

Enzymes and acids that are secreted into the stomach

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27
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested good and gastric juice mix; travels from the stomach to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

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28
Q

Main functions of liver

A

Digest fats, detoxify blood, store glycogen

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29
Q

Function of bile

A

Digestive juices necessary to break down fatty components in the duodenum

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30
Q

What produces bile

A

Liver

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31
Q

Blood glucose levels are maintained through a feedback loops which involve these two hormones

A
  • insulin: decreases by transporting glucose into cells

- glucagon: increases by promoting release of glucose

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32
Q

Disease in which blood glucose levels are too high

A

Diabetes

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33
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Doesnt produce insulin

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34
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Body doesnt make enough insulin or use insulin well

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35
Q

Main function of the pancreas

A

Produce enzymes and digestive juices to neutralize chyme

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36
Q

Bicarbonate is located in the

A

Pancreas

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37
Q

When is bile secretes from the gall bladder into the small intestine

A

When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum

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38
Q

Main function of small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption

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39
Q

Finger-like projection son the inner lining of the small intestine

A

Villi

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40
Q

Each villus contains ______ that diffuse and transport monomers into the circulatory system and lymph systems

A

Capillaries

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41
Q

When people with this desasease eat gluten, an immune response tacks their villi and inhibits the absorption of proper nutrients

A

Ciliac disease

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42
Q

Main function of large intestine

A

Compact water and reabsorbs water

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43
Q

Where undigested foods are stored until they exit the anus

A

Rectum

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44
Q

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis

A

Controlling and regulating the other parts of the body

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45
Q

How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis

A

Regulates the concentration of water and other components of bodily fluids

46
Q

Loops that reduces the stimulus

A

Negative feedback

47
Q

Loop that amplifies the stimulus

A

Positive feedback

48
Q

Osmoregulation

A

mechanism by which water and solute concentration are maintained at desired levels

49
Q

Osmoconformer

A

Organism that changes its tonicity based on its environment

50
Q

Osmoregulator

A

Organism that maintains its tonicity irrespective of its environment

51
Q

The process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the blood

A

Excretion

52
Q

Three steps in which the excretory system maintains homeostasis

A
  1. Filtration: filters substances from the blood
  2. Reabsorbtion: regulates the chemical composition of bodily fluids by retaining proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients
  3. Secretion: eliminates wastes in the form of urine
53
Q

Main organs of the excretory system

A
  1. kidneys
  2. Ureter
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
54
Q

Artery that enters kidney

A

Renal artery

55
Q

Vein that leves kidney

A

Renal vein

56
Q

Paired organs that receive the blood via the renal artery

A

Kidney

57
Q

Function of kidneys

A

To filter blood and regulate water levels

58
Q

Main filtering units of kidneys

A

Nephrons

59
Q

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

60
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

Sac-like structure where the filtrate is absorbed

61
Q

Loop of henle

A

Long loop in the medulla

  • extracts water from filtrate
  • pumps out salts we want
  • creates concentration in the medulla
62
Q

Collecting duct

A

Final step — collection of urine in the kidney

63
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that leaves each kidney and carries urine to the bladder

64
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Organ where urine is stored before being excreted

65
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of the body

66
Q

What produces ADH levels

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

What does ADH do

A

Stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephrons

68
Q

If there is a high fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion

A
  • lower rate of ADH secretion

- more urine

69
Q

If there is a low fluid intake, what happens to the rate of ADH secretion

A
  • higher rate of ADH secretion

- less urine

70
Q

These two things inhibit the secretion of ADH

A
  • coffee

- alcohol

71
Q

Respiration

A

Uptake of oxygen from the environment and discharge of carbon dioxide into the environment

72
Q

Source of O2

A

Respiratory medium (air for terrestrial animals & water for aquatic animals)

73
Q

Respiratory surface

A

Part of animals body where fases are exchanged with the environment

74
Q

Respiratory surface must be

A
  1. Respiratory surface needs to be moist
  2. Thick for quick diffusion
  3. Needs to be a favorable surface area: volume ratio
75
Q

Respiratory organ for silkworms & amphibians

A

Skin — use capillaries

76
Q

Respiratory organ in aquatic animals

A

Gills — water flows in & capillaries with wall of gills pink up oxygen

77
Q

Tracheal systems in insects

A

Network of small tubes that carry O2 to the entire body

78
Q

Openings along the thorax & abdomen where gases are exchanged

A

Spiracles

79
Q

Main functions of human respiratory system

A
  1. Obtain oxygen & remove carbon dioxide
  2. Filter incoming air
  3. Control temperature and moisture content of incoming air
  4. Regulate blood pH
  5. Produce vocal sounds
80
Q

Gas exchange occurs primarily through _________

A

Diffusion

81
Q

Partial pressure

A

A measure of the concentration of the individual components in a gas mixture

82
Q

Obtaining sufficient oxygen becomes more _______ as altitude increases

A

Difficult

83
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

84
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment

85
Q

Pharynx is the

A

Throat

86
Q

Main function of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Serves as main passageway for gas exchange
  • filter air
    Warm and moisten air
87
Q

Lower respiratory tract includes

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree
  • lungs
  • diaphragm
88
Q

Function of trachea

A

Funnel inhaled air to lungs and exhaled air to environment

89
Q

Branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in lungs

A

Bronchial tree

90
Q

What is bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchial tubes

91
Q

Right lung has ___ lobes and left lung has ___ lobes

A
  • right: 3

- left: 2

92
Q

Lung disease that leads to lower elasticity in lungs and blocks diffusion

A

Emphysema

93
Q

Air sacs cluttered at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs

A

Alveoli

94
Q

Why are alveoli good for gas exchange

A
  • large surface area

- thin layer = good for diffusion

95
Q

This controls breathing by contracting and relaxing

A

Diaphragm

96
Q

Breathing is controlled by ______

A

Medulla and pons in the brain

 - influenced by pH in the blood, which indicated blood oxygen levels
 - increased metabolic activity lowers pH by increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
97
Q

During inhalation, volume ______ & pressure _______

A
  • v: increases

- p: decreases

98
Q

Why does air rush into the thoracic cavity when we inhale

A
  • volume increases as diaphragm contracts
  • pressure decreases as a result
  • drop in pressure —> air rushes into passage ways
99
Q

Main functions of circulatory system

A
  • transport of gases, hormones and nutrients
  • aids in thermoregulation (for endotherms)
  • protection (transports wbc)
100
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood pumped by a heart into body cavities (mollusks and arthropods)

101
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood pumped by heart into vessels — never fills cavities (vertebrates)

102
Q

Components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • platelets
103
Q

Function of plasma

A

Transport waste, nutrients, gas & hormones

  • carries RBC, WBC & platelets
  • contains ions, electrolytes and proteins
104
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport oxygen and hemoglobin

105
Q

Sickle cell

A

Caused by an allele that codes for a mutant hemoglobin molecule

106
Q

Function of platelets

A

Fragments of cels responsible for clotting

107
Q

Hemophilia

A

Inherited disorder where affected humans produce low levels of clotting factors

108
Q

How oxygen enters the blood stream

A

Diffuses into capillaries from alveoli in lungs

109
Q

How oxygen exits blood stream

A

Diffuses into cells after passing through interstitial fluid

110
Q

Fluid surrounding body cells

A

Interstitial fluid

111
Q

feedback loop for each system

A

.

AP Biology (6 decks)

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