Endocrine System, Hormones & Immune Response Flashcards
Signaling cell targets itself
Autocrine signaling
Signaling cells targets local cells
Paracrine signaling
Signaling cell targets distant cells through bloodstream
Endocrine system
Signaling cell targets connected cells connected through gap junctions
Direct signaling
This system secretes chemical signals directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine
Slow, long lasting response
Endocrine
Fast, short lasting response
Nervous system
Mechanics of endocrine system
- Stimulus recognized by body
- Endocrine cells release hormone
- Hormone travels throughout body
- Response is triggered
Hormone is secreted by a gland, target is outside of the body
Exocrine
Hormone secreted by a gland, enters blood stream and targets tissues in body
Endocrine
Specialized neurons that also secrete hormones
Neurosecretory
Secreted chemical signal used to trigger response in another individual of same species
Pheromones
Steroids are ______-based hormones
Lipid
Testosterone & estrogen are examples of
Steroid hormones
Peptide hormones are _______-based
Protein
Oxytosin, insulin & glucagon are examples of
Peptide hormones
Master nerve control center
Hypothalamus
Master gland in body
- secretes range of trophic hormones that regulate other glands
Pituitary gland
Produces T3 & T4 that regulate metabolism and growth differentiation
- Calcitonin
Thyroid glands
Secretes PTH and increases blood Ca levels
Parathyroid
Produces insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
Secretes thymosin — matures T-cells
Thymus gland
Produces hormones that stimulate “fight or flight” and kidney function
Adrenal glands
Hormones that increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and expands air passageways
Epinephrine
Increases reabsorption of Na+ ions and water
Aldosterone
Response that is general — identification of anything “non-self” — rapid response; includes barriers and internal defense
Innate immune response
Response that recognizes specific pathogens
Adaptive immune response
Barrier of defenses — mucous membranes
- line tracts (digestive, respiratory etc.)
- secretes mucous to trap pathogens
- ingested pathogens deal with acidic environment of the stomach
Barriers — lysozyme
- anti microbial enzyme that breaks down bacterial cells walls
- found in saliva, mucous and tears
Barrier — skin
- secretes oils and sweats to provide an acidic environment that is harmful to pathogens
What type of cells are white blood cells
Phagocytic cells
Circulate in blood — attracted to infected tissue then engulf / destroy it
Neutrophils
Big eaters — some migrate throughout the body some stay put where they are likely to encounter pathogens
Macrophages
Lymphocytes that circulate throughout the body, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death
Natural killers
Proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections
Interferons
Group of 30 proteins in blood plasma — activate = cascade of reactions that lead to cell lysis
Complement proteins
Local inflammatory response
Triggered by damage to tissue
