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CRLS (CLB) > Regulation of the CVS 2 > Flashcards

Regulation of the CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow of blood through a tissue

Adequate tissue perfusion is essential to maintain its nutritive demands.

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2
Q

What happens with too little perfusion?

A

Hypoxia, impaired metabolism, necrosis

Insufficient blood flow can lead to tissue damage.

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3
Q

What happens with too much perfusion?

A

Capillary/endothelial damage, fluid exudation

Excessive blood flow can harm the tissue structure.

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4
Q

What drives flow through a tube?

A

Pressure, opposed by resistance

This relationship is fundamental in understanding perfusion.

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5
Q

What is the major determinant of perfusion pressure?

A

Systemic arterial pressure

It is critical for driving tissue perfusion.

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6
Q

What are the two conditions that can affect arterial pressure?

A

Hypertension (high bp), Hypotension (low bp)

Both conditions impact tissue perfusion.

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7
Q

What factors can cause normal arterial pressure to vary?

A

Age, physiological status, species and breed, systole and diastole

Variability in arterial pressure is influenced by multiple factors.

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8
Q

How can adequate perfusion be maintained?

A

Change cardiac output AND/OR change vascular resistance

Adjusting these factors helps regulate blood flow.

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9
Q

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output / systemic vascular resistance

This formula helps assess the effectiveness of blood circulation.

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10
Q

How is arterial pressure controlled?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

Both short-term and long-term feedback systems are involved.

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11
Q

What are the short-term mechanisms for controlling arterial pressure?

A

Baroreceptor regulation (ANS)

This allows for rapid adjustments to blood pressure.

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12
Q

What are the long-term mechanisms for controlling arterial pressure?

A

Circulating fluid volume, ADH, RAAS

These mechanisms include hormonal regulation.

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13
Q

What cardiovascular reflexes regulate arterial pressure?

A

Heart rate, contractility, tone of resistance vessels, volume of capacitance vessels

These factors work together to maintain blood pressure.

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14
Q

What are the three requirements for cardiovascular reflexes?

A

Sensors, integrating centre, effectors

These components are essential for pressure regulation.

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15
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Sensors for blood pressure, mechanoreceptors in arteries

They increase firing rate in response to pressure changes.

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16
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In adventitial layer of arteries (aortic arch and carotid sinus)

Their location is crucial for effective monitoring of blood pressure.

17
Q

What is the role of the central axons of baroreceptors?

A

Terminate in the medulla oblongata (CV centre)

They relay information to the central nervous system.

18
Q

What type of autonomic output do baroreceptors provide?

A

Sympathetic to heart and vessels, Parasympathetic to heart

This output helps modulate cardiovascular responses.

19
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

An extremely fast-acting mechanism that provides pressure buffering for short or acute changes in blood pressure

Changes occur in seconds, allowing for rapid adjustments.

20
Q

How do baroreceptors respond to prolonged pressure alterations?

A

They exhibit evidence of ‘resetting’

This indicates that baroreceptors can adapt to sustained changes in blood pressure.

21
Q

What does the RAAS stand for?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

It is a hormone system regulating fluid balance and blood pressure.

22
Q

What triggers the release of renin in the RAAS?

A

Reduced perfusion of the kidney and sympathetic stimulation

These triggers activate the RAAS to help regulate blood pressure.

23
Q

What is the function of renin in the RAAS?

A

It cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Renin is an enzyme that initiates the RAAS response.

24
Q

What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

This conversion mainly occurs in the lungs.

25
Q

List the effects of angiotensin II.

A
  • Vasoconstriction (↑ SVR)
  • Na+ reabsorption in kidney (↑ CO/preload)
  • Increase sympathetic activity (↑HR & SV)
  • Release anti-diuretic hormone (↑ CO/preload)
  • Release aldosterone (more Na+ resorption)

Angiotensin II has multiple roles in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

26
Q

What immediate control does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis provide?

A

Immediate, potent control of MAP via angiotensin II

MAP stands for Mean Arterial Pressure.

27
Q

What slower regulation does the RAAS provide?

A

Slower, prolonged regulation of MAP via volume control (aldosterone + ADH)

Aldosterone and ADH help maintain blood volume and pressure over time.

28
Q

What are volume receptors and where are they located?

A

Atrial receptors in the heart act as low-pressure baroreceptors and volume receptors

They detect changes in blood volume based on stretch.

29
Q

What happens when high volume is detected by atrial receptors?

A
  • Inhibition of sympathetic pathways -> renal vasodilation (diuresis)
  • Inhibition of ADH/vasopressin
  • Other effects via Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

These responses help regulate blood volume and pressure.

30
Q

What is an example of a coordinated response in the cardiovascular system?

A

Acute hemorrhage

This triggers acute cardiovascular reflexes and longer-term volume restoration.

31
Q

What cardiovascular reflexes are involved in response to acute hemorrhage?

A

Baroreceptor reflex and atrial volume receptors

These reflexes quickly respond to changes in blood pressure and volume.

32
Q

What is the longer-term mechanism for volume restoration after acute hemorrhage?

A

RAAS

RAAS helps restore blood volume and pressure over time.

CRLS (CLB) (20 decks)

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