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CRLS (CLB) > Integument 1; structure & function > Flashcards

Integument 1; structure & function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the common integument?

A

1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Subcutis (hypodermis)

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2
Q

What other structures are included within the outer integument?

A
  • Hair follicles
  • Hairs
  • Hooves
  • Skin glands
  • Mammary glands
  • Footpads
  • Horns
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3
Q

What is the subcutis?

A

A loose connective tissue between the skin and the muscle fascia

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4
Q

What are the thicker areas of the subcutis used for and why?

A

They are used for subcutaneous injections as they can cope with large volumes of fluid being injected.

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4
Q

What does the subcutis mainly contain?
What is this tissue used for?

A

Contains = adipose tissue (white fat)
Used for = Insulation, Energy source, Padding and protection

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5
Q

What are cutaneous muscles and where are they found?

A
  • Thin, interrupted sheets of muscle
  • Found in the subcutis
  • Allow for skin movement
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6
Q

Where are each of these cutaneous muscles found?
1) Platysma
2) Frontalis
3) Cutaneous colli
4) Cutaneous trunchi
5) Cutaneous omobrachialis
6) Pre-putial muscles

A

1) Platysma = over face and neck
2) Frontalis = over frontal bone
3) Cutaneous colli = from sternum, spreads up the neck
4) Cutaneous trunci = covers side of the trunk
5) Cutaneous omobrachialis = Over the shoulder
6) Pre-putial muscles = Along the ventral midline

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7
Q

What is the cutis?

A

This is the skin, composed of dermis and epidermis.

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8
Q

Which layer of the cutis determines the thickness of the skin?

A

The dermis

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9
Q

Which muscle is responsible for making hairs on the skin stand up?

A

Arrector pili muscle

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10
Q

What type of nerve fibres innervate the arrector pilli muscles to make the hairs stand on end?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres

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11
Q

What is the dermis?

A
  • A fibrous connective tissue packed with collagen and elastic fibres
  • Very few cells.
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12
Q

What type of collagen are found in the dermis?

A

Types I, III and V

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13
Q

What are the tension lines of an animal’s skin?

A

Lines determined by the orientation of collagen fibres in the dermis?

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Superficial papillary region
  • Deeper reticular region
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15
Q

What key components are found in the dermis?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves
  • Sensory receptors
  • Hair follicles
  • Arrector pili muscles
  • Sebaceous + sweat glands
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16
Q

What is the clinical importance of tension lines?

A

It is easier to close and incise parallel to these tension lines.

17
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

1) Stratum corneum (TOP)
2) Stratum lucidium
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
5) Stratum basale (BOTTOM)
Can Long Giraffe Spines Bend

18
Q

In which layer are keratinocytes first produced?

A

In the stratum basale

19
Q

What happens to these keratinocytes once they have been synthesised?

A

Move up through the layers, towards the skin surface, differentiating as they do so

20
Q

What is the function of the stratum basale?

A
  • Provides attachment to the basement membrane
  • Proliferation (constant division) of stem cells occurs here
21
Q

What are the important functions of the stratum spinosum?

A
  • A thick layer in which cells are connected by desmosomes
  • Contains dendritic cells important for immune response
22
Q

What is significant about to the stratum granulosum?

A
  • Keratinocytes contain keratohyalin granules
  • Keratohyalin granules contain the products needed for keratinisation (the process of turning keratinocytes-> corneocytes).
23
Q

Where is the stratum lucidium found?

A
  • A clear layer
  • Found only in thick, non-hairy skin
24
Q

What is the function of the stratum corneum?

A
  • Thickest layer
  • Waterproof cell membrane
  • No organelles/ nuclei
  • Few desmosome attachments so cells can slough off
  • Made of corneocytes
25
Q

What other cells are present in the cutis as well as keratinocytes and corneocytes?

A
  • Melanocytes
  • Dendritic cells
  • Merkel’s cells
26
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells and Merkel’s cells?

A
  • Dendritic cells aid immunity
  • Merkel’s cells form touch receptors
27
Q

What is the function of melanocytes and where are they found?

A
  • Produce melanin to protect the DNA in the nucleus from UV radiation
  • Found in the stratum basale
28
Q

Which parts of the developing embryo are responsible for forming the epidermis, the dermis and the melanocytes?

A
  • Epidermis formed from ectoderm
  • Dermis formed from mesoderm
  • Melanocytes made from neural crest cells
29
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerve innervate in relation to the skin?

A
  • Dorsal branches supply the dorsal cutaneous nerves innervating the dorsal skin
  • Ventral branches supply the ventral and lateral cutaneous nerves innervating the ventral and lateral skin.
30
Q

Nerves from which plexus help to innervate the skin of the limbs?

A
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
31
Q

What are autonomous zones?

A

Non-overlapping regions supplied by a single nerve

32
Q

Why are autonomous zones important?

A

Important for successful local anaesthesia and diagnosis of peripheral nerve lesions

33
Q

What are the 3 main structures used to detect sensory information in the integument?

A
  • Free nerve endings (detect pain and itch)
  • Merkel cells (detect touch and pressure)
  • Pacinial corpuscles (detect deep pressure)
34
Q

What 3 things are innervated by sympathetic motor neurons in the integument?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Sweat glands
  • Pilomotor apparatus
35
Q

1) How does the common integument provide protection of the body?
2) How about protection from radiation?

A

1) Fat, collagen and keratin help to provide physical protection
2) Melanocytes aid protection from radiation

36
Q

What epidermal organs help to provide protection?

A

Horns and claws

37
Q

In what 3 ways does the outer integument aid immune defense?

A

1) Acts as a physical barrier to infection
2) Immune cells present in the skin
3) Antimicrobial properties in skin gland secretions

38
Q

How does the outer integument help with sensing the environment?

A

Has pressure receptors/ pain receptors/ temp. receptors/ tactile hairs

39
Q

How does the outer integument aid with thermal regulation?

A
  • Sweating
  • Piloerection
  • Controls blood flow to skin
  • Insulation by fat
40
Q

1) How does the skin aid with storage and secretion?
2) How does it aid with communication and camoflague?

A

1) - Fat stores energy, water and vitamins.
- Glands excrete water and electrolytes

2) - Scented substances released from glands
- Raising of hair/ feathers
- Pigmentation

41
Q

What is the significance of the selective permeability of skin?

A
  • Some medications can be absorbed across the skin
  • Some species use their skin for respiration

CRLS (CLB) (14 decks)

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