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AVS 222 > Regulation of Reproduction > Flashcards

Regulation of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine gland

A

any gland responsible for the secretion of hormones directly

into the blood stream

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2
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and
carried in the blood to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity

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3
Q

target tissue

A

tissue upon which a hormone acts

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4
Q

receptors

A

where hormones bind to (at the tissue or target cells)Specific
binding site for hormone within a target tissue (two types)

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5
Q

two types of receptors

A

1) plasma membrane receptor

2) nuclear receptor

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6
Q

nervous system job

A

translation of external stimuli into neural/chemical signals

which affects activities of reproductive organs and tissues

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7
Q

simple neural reflex

A

efferent neurons send signal via neurotransmitters to target tissue

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8
Q

neuroendocrine reflex

A

neurohormones secreted by nerve cells into circulation (blood) where
they travel to target tissue

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9
Q

types of hormones

A 
neurohormone
proteins
peptides
glycoproteins
steroids
fatty acids
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10
Q

neurohormone

A

hormone secreted by nerve cells directly into

blood OR has an effect on adjacent cell

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11
Q

protein hormone

A
  1. Made of long chain of amino acid
  2. Water soluble
  3. Not orally active (not affective if administered orally)
  4. i.e prolactin, relaxin, lacental lactogen, ACTH
  5. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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12
Q

peptide hormone

A
  1. Few to several amino acids in length
  2. i.e. GnRH, oxytocin
  3. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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13
Q

glycoprotein hormone

A
  1. Proteins with sugar molecules added (glycosylated)
    to increase half-life
  2. Composed of an alpha and a beta subunit
  3. i.e FSH, LH, inhibin, hCG, eCG
  4. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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14
Q

steroid hormone

A
  1. Made from cholesterol
  2. Water insoluble, attach to proteins in blood
  3. Are orally active
  4. All have 4-carbon ring structure
  5. i.e. Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone
  6. Receptors located in NUCLEUS (and PLASMA MEMBRANE = slow
    response)
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15
Q

fatty acid hormone

A
  1. Prostaglandins (PGF2a, PGE2)

2. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE

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16
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

the hypothalamus releases hormones that acts upon the pituitary gland via a blood portal system
known as the

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17
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A 
a. Causes LH/FSH release from ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
b. 10 amino acids long (synthetic forms
available)
c. Active in very small amounts
d. Uses in reproduction:
(1) Treatment of cystic follicles
(2) Out-of-season breeding (estrous synchronization)
(3) Contraception
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18
Q

hypothalamic hormone

A

controls the pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

composed of epithelial tissue

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20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

composed of neural tissue

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21
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

LH
FSH
Prolactin
ACTH

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22
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

a. Ovulation
b. Corpus luteum formation & function
c. Testosterone production
* Receptors located on theca cells, luteal cells, Leydig cells

targets- gonads, follicles, Leydig cells

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23
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

a. Follicle growth
b. Estrogen release
c. Spermiogenesis
* Receptors located on granulosa cells, Sertoli cells

targets- gonads, follicles

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24
Q

Prolactin

A

a. Protein synthesis by mammary gland, control CL function in some
Milk synthesis
*Receptors on mammary cells, luteal cells (in rats/cats), gonads

25
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

a. Glucocorticoid release from the adrenal gland at parturition or stress
situation

26
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • Site of hormone release, NOT synthesis
  • Has neural connections to hypothalamus

oxytocin
ADH

27
Q

oxytocin

A

a. Milk letdown
b. Uterine contractions, parturition & sperm transport
c. Prostaglandin synthesis

targets- endo/myometrium, mammary glands

28
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

a. regulate blood pressure

29
Q

steroid hormones

A

estrogens
progestins
androgens
glucocorticoids

30
Q

estrogens are located

A

granulosa cells and placenta

31
Q

estrogens

A

estradiol (E2)

  1. Estrus/heat: sexual behavior
  2. Mammary alveolar growth & development
  3. Secondary sex characteristics
  4. Uterine motility
  5. Control of GnRH secretion

targets- hypothalamus, reproductive tract, mammary gland

32
Q

progestins are located

A

corpus luteum and placenta

33
Q

progestins

A

progesterone (P4)

  1. Inhibit estrus
  2. Maintain pregnancy/ increase uterine gland secretions (hystotrophe)
  3. Mammary alveolar and ductal growth
  4. Control GnRH and LH secretion

targets- hypothalamus, reproductive tract, mammary gland

34
Q

androgens are located

A

leydig cells and theca cells

35
Q

androgens

A

testosterone (T)

  1. Male behavior
  2. Spermatogenesis
  3. Promotes accessory sex gland secretions
  4. Controls GnrH and LH secretion

targets- hypothalamus, seminiferous tubules, accessory sex glands

36
Q

glucocorticoids are located

A

adrenal cortex

37
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

  1. Parturition
  2. Milk synthesis
38
Q

prostaglandins in males

A
  1. Parturition

2. Milk synthesis

39
Q

prostaglandins in females

A
  1. Secreted by endometrium
  2. Control estrus
  3. Induce luteolysis (determines life of corpus luteum)
  4. Plays role in maternal recognition
40
Q

inhibin

A

a. Inhibits FSH release

b. SOURCE: Dominant follicles, Sertoli cells

41
Q

relaxin

A

a. SOURCE: Corpus luteum, placenta
b. Important in parturition
i. Pelvic expansion
ii. Cervical dilation

42
Q

plasma membrane receptors mode of action

A

2nd messenger system

43
Q

plasma membrane receptors pathway

A

Peptides/proteins —>bind cell membrane receptor → activate adenyl cyclase →
[ATP → cAMP] → cAMP → ↑protein kinase A (enzyme) → protein phosphorylation
→ protein synthesis

44
Q

nuclear receptors include

A

cytosolic receptors, intracellular receptors

The receptors are inside of the cell either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus

45
Q

nuclear receptors mode of action

A

involves nucleus directly

46
Q

nuclear receptors pathway

A

steroids → bind to cytoplasmic receptors → translocate to nucleus → bind to
chromatin (DNA) → initiate gene transcription → RNA synthesis → protein
synthesis

47
Q

hormone characteristics

A

1) short half lives
2) released in small amounts
3) must bind to specific receptors to cause an action (lock and key mechanism)

48
Q

hypothalamus secretion

A

usually peptides that regulate release of hormones from the pituitary

49
Q

what is GnRH

A

peptide

50
Q

what are the “kissing sisters”

A

LH and FSH

51
Q

what are the functions of anterior pituitary hormones

A

proteins and glycoproteins that regulate functions in testis and ovaries

52
Q

ovary and testis function

A

secretion of steroids to regulate

  • GnRH and gonadotropin
  • uterine and accessory gland function
  • sex characteristics and bone metabolism
53
Q

if you increase granulosa cells, what will happen?

A

an increase in estradiol

54
Q

why do you have to produce testosterone for mammary gland development?

A

you have to go through testosterone before you get to estradiol

55
Q

prostaglandin F2-alpha

A

targets- hypothalamus, seminiferous tubules, accessory sex glands

56
Q

hormone receptors

A

hormone travels through blood and thus all body cells are exposed to it

57
Q

hormones in nuclear receptors

A 
GnRH
LH
FSH
Prolactin
ACTH
58
Q

hormones in plasma membrane receptors

A

Oxytocin
ADH
Prostaglandin

AVS 222 (5 decks)

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