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AVS 222 > Female Reproductive Anatomy Part 1 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Anatomy Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

general functions of the female reproductive tract

A
  • Produce oocytes
  • Transport sperm
  • Facilitate fertilization
  • Provide environment for embryo and fetus
  • Give birth to fetus
  • Recycle to become pregnant again
  • Provide nutrients to young
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2
Q

supportive tissues

A

broad ligament

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3
Q

function of the broad ligament

A

supports reproductive tract in abdomen

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4
Q

three parts of the broad ligament

A

Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium

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5
Q

mesovarium

A

supports ovary

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6
Q

mesoalpinx

A

supports oviduct

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7
Q

mesometrium

A

supports uterus (uterine body and horns)

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8
Q

three layers of the reproductive tract

A

tunica serosa
tunica muscularis
tunica mucosa

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9
Q

tunica serosa is the

A

perimetrium

outermost layer
connective tissue

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10
Q

tunica muscularis is

A

myometrium

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11
Q

tunica muscosa is

A

endometrium

consists of muscosa and submucosa

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12
Q

external genetalia

A

vulva

clitoris

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13
Q

vulva consists of what two parts

A

labia minora

labia majora

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14
Q

what do the two labia form in the vulva?

A

commissures

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15
Q

labia minora

A

inner folds
homologous to sheath
small in farm animals

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16
Q

labia majora

A

outer folds
homologous to scrotum
externally visible

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17
Q

clitoris

A
  1. Homologous to penis
  2. Large in mare
  3. Highly innervated by nerve endings
  4. Highly sensitized area
  5. Stimulation may contribute to conception rates in cattle when cows inseminated artificially
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18
Q

posterior vagina=

A

caudal

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19
Q

histology of caudal vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

function/structure of caudal vagina

A
  1. Region common to reproductive & urinary systems
  2. Stimulates male for copulation (Not present in humans)
  3. Passage for fetus during parturition
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21
Q

components of caudal vagina

A

hymen
external urethral orfice
suberthral diverticulum
vestibular glands

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22
Q

hymen

A

embryonic remnant

a. Mullerian duct — reproductive tract
b. Urogenital sinus — vestibule

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23
Q

external urethral orfice

A

opening of urethra

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24
Q

suburethral diverticulum

A 
blind pocket (sow & cow)
--helps block urine from entering uterus
25
Q

vestibular glands

A

a. Bartholin’s glands (Pair of glands located in vestibule wall)
i. Secrete during estrus
ii. Lubricate vagina

26
Q

true/false
Posterior vagina has no or limited glands, low degree of mucus secretion and
epithelial thickness changes with the stage of the estrous cycle

A

true

27
Q

anterior vagina

A

cranial

28
Q

histology of cranial vagina

A

Simple columnar epithelium (different from caudal vagina)

29
Q

what is the anterior vagina?

A

female copulatory organ

  1. Site of semen deposition — cow, ewe, doe, human
  2. Luminal epithelium (near the cervix) is secretory (mucus)
  3. pH is acidic (5.7) – Bacteriostatic
  4. Stimulates glans penis of the bull
30
Q

structure of the anterior vagina

A
  1. Length
    a. Cow = 35-30 cm
    b. Ewe, doe, sow = 10-15 cm
  2. Outer layer
    a. Tunica serosa
  3. Middle layer
    a. Circular muscle
    b. Longitudinal muscle
  4. Inner mucosal muscle
    a. Stratified squamous epithelium
31
Q

anterior vagina mucosa response to hormones

A
  1. High estradiol
    a. Epithelial cell growth
    b. Cornified (dead) cells — lack a nucleus
    c. Increase in leukocytes (WBC)
    d. Estrus detection in rodents
32
Q

anterior vagina crypt pocket

A

fornix vagina

33
Q

in what species is the fornix vagina absent in?

A

sow and mare

34
Q

histology of the cervix

A

simple columnar epithelium

35
Q

structure of the cervix

A
  1. Technically part of the uterus
  2. Thick-walled & inelastic
  3. Anterior portion continuous with uterus
  4. Fornix – blind sac formed by cervix protruding into vagina
  5. Histology
    a. Tunica serosa — outer layer
    b. Middle layer — mostly connective tissue; some smooth muscle
    c. Inner layer — secretory epithelium secretes mucus; few ciliated
    cells
36
Q

types of cervix

A

annular rings
interdigitating prominences
longitudinal folds

37
Q

annular rings

A

a. Found in cow, ewe, doe — act to seal uterus
(1) cow: 3-4 rings
(2) doe: 5 rings
(3) ewes: 6-7 rings

38
Q

Interdigitating prominences

A

Found in the sow – accommodates a corkscrew-shaped penis in

the boar

39
Q

longitudinal folds

A

Found in the mare – softens during copulation

40
Q

functions of the cervix

A
  1. Isolates the uterus from the external environment (acts as barrier)
    a. Cervical mucus — flows into vagina
    b. Cilia — beat toward vagina
  2. Passage for sperm
    a. Sows & mares — site of sperm deposition
    b. Sperm reservoir
    c. Sperm selection — heterologous inseminations
    d. Mucus and anatomy of cervix act as a sperm filter in some species
    *Prevents large numbers of sperm from reaching oviduct in cow and ewe
  3. Responsible for isolation of the conceptus (fetus) within uterus from
    external environment
    a. Cervical plug (cervical seal)
41
Q

cervical plug functions

A

i. formed during pregnancy
ii. formed from mucus
ii. liquifies at parturition

42
Q

sperm reservoir functions

A

i. sperm held in cervix
ii. sperm long lived in cervix
iii. provides slow sperm release — increases chance of fertilization

43
Q

cervical mucus properties

A

a. Biochemical and physical properties of the mucus changes
during the estrous cycle
b. Hormones change properties:
i. high progesterone — thick, viscous mucus
ii. high estradiol — thin, watery mucus

44
Q

cervical mucus function

A

Lubricant at parturition

a. Cervix expands due to fetal pressure

45
Q

uterus histology

A

simple columnar

46
Q

two parts of the uterus

A

uterine horns and uterine body

47
Q

uterine horns

A

2

a. Size varies with uterine type
b. Cow, ewe, sow, doe — 80-90% of total length
c. Small in horses
d. Absent in humans
e. Bifurcation – point where uterine horns split from uterine body

48
Q

uterine body

A

area common to both sides of female tract

49
Q

structure of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

50
Q

perimetrium in uterus

A

Outer serous layer continuous with peritoneum - blocks adhesions

a. Outermost layer
b. Connective tissue

51
Q

myometrium in uterus

A

a. Middle layer of muscle
b. Contains 3 layers:
i. Two outer layers longitudinal muscle
ii. One inner layer circular muscle

52
Q

endometrium in uterus

A

a. Provides point of placental attachment and glands provide
secretions for embryo development (estradiol and progesterone)
b. Innermost layer
c. Highly secretory
d. Simple secretory glands

53
Q

functions of the uterus

A

a. Nourish the embryo – secretes histotrophe or uterine milk
b. Site of implantation (Figure 2-17)
i. Exchange with maternal system through the uterine wall
(placentome)
c. Sperm transport
1. Primarily muscular contraction
2. Sperm move faster than can swim
D. Expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta
1. Muscles of myometrium contract during parturition
2. Responsiveness of myometrium varies with hormonal state
E. Control of estrous cycle and luteolysis
1. Communicates with the ovary about presence of embryo – determines
the life of the corpus luteum
a. Secretion of prostaglandin F2α in the absence of the fetus to
regress the corpus luteum

54
Q

types of uteri

A

duplex
bicornuate
bipartite
simple

55
Q

duplex uterus

A
  1. In rat, rabbit, guinea pig
  2. Have 2 cervices — one for each horn
  3. No embryo migration possible
56
Q

bicornuate uterus

A
  1. In cow, ewe, sow, doe
  2. Large uterine horns
  3. Small uterine body
  4. In cows, ewes, & does — external fusion makes body appear large
57
Q

bipartite uterus

A
  1. In horse
  2. Small uterine horns
  3. Large uterine body
58
Q

simple uterus

A
  1. In humans and primates
  2. Large, pear-shaped uterine body
  3. Non-existent horns

AVS 222 (5 decks)

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