Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards
Examples of “housekeeping genes” (common to all cells of animal)
- Structural proteins of chromosomes
- RNA polymerases
- DNA repair enzymes
- Glycolytic and other basic metabolic enzymes
- Cytoskeleton proteins
Examples of cell type specific proteins
- Hemoglobin (RBCs)
2. Immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes)
? of ? genes are expressed in 1 given cell
10,000-20,000 out of 30,000
5 methods of regulating gene expression
And where do they occur?
Nucleus:
- Transcriptional control
- RNA processing control
Cytoplasm:
- RNA transport control
- Translational control
- Protein activity control
Regulatory proteins which control transcription
- Repressors
- Acivators
- RNA polymerases
3 methods of protein activity control
- Glycolysation
- Zymogens to enzymes
- Phosphorylation
Western blots protein analysis
If target protein is there
Estimates / semi-quantifies
Confocal protein analysis
Where is the protein?
ELISA protein analysis
Enzyme-Linke ImmunoSorbent Assay
Quantitative → used in clinics
How does a single regulatory protein coordinate the expression of many different genes?
Involves combinations of regulatory proteins (last number in combination lock)
What changes fibroblast to muscle cell?
MyoD gene transfection
Positive feedback loop for protein production
- Protein A is not made because its required for its own transcription
- Transient signal turns on protein A expression
- Protein A produced → encourages more transcription
2 inhibitors of transcription
- Antibiotics
2. Anticancer drugs
How is transcription in the nucleus controlled?
Regulatory proteins
1 example of how RNA processing in the nucleus can be controlled
mRNA splicing
