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Physiology Exam 3 > Intro to Host Defense > Flashcards

Intro to Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

3 external immune mechanisms

A
  1. Special anatomical structures
  2. Behavioral adaptations
  3. Reproductive bursts
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2
Q

3 internal immune mechanisms

A
  1. Dealing with invading pathogens
  2. Removing worn-out cells
  3. Identify and remove abnormal or mutant cells
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3
Q

Primary cellular elements of adaptive immunity

A

T & B lymphocytes

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4
Q

3 functions of acquired immunity

A
  1. Specific recognition of foreign antigens
  2. Immunological memory of infection
  3. Pathogen-specific adaptor proteins
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5
Q

3 bad things that come from acquired immunity

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Autoimmunity
  3. Tissue graft rejection
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6
Q

Innate immune system distinguishes between?

A

“Infectious non-self” and “non-infectious self”

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7
Q

3 cells which trigger innate immunity (via inflammatory responses mainly)

Via what receptors?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Mast cells

Via host defense surveillance receptors

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8
Q

Adaptive immune response is generally mediated by the same cells used for innate immunity, but in what different way?

A

Molecularly-specific receptor systems

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9
Q

Innate immune mechanisms are abundant in what tissue?

A

Barrier tissues:

  1. Skin
  2. Epithelial tissues of gut and respiratory
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10
Q

Innate immune mechanisms delay need for acquired immune response how and for how long?

A

3-5 days for clonal expansion and differentation of effector lymphocytes

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11
Q

General mechanisms of innate immunity

A
  1. Barrier tissue and glands
  2. Inflammation
  3. Complement system
  4. Interferons (antiviral effector proteins)
  5. NK cells
  6. Symbiotic bacteria (“natural flora”)
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12
Q

How does epidermis contribute to innate immunity?

A
  1. Keratinized epithelial cells form physical barrier and chemically detoxifies potential carcinogens
  2. Melanocytes absorb UV light
  3. Keratinocytes are immune-sensing
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13
Q

How does dermis contribute to innate immunity?

A
  1. Sweat and sebaceous glands secrete antimicrobial peptides

2. Abundant blood vessels participate in inflammation

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14
Q

How does genitourinary system contribute to innate immunity?

A
  1. Mucus
  2. High salt
  3. Low pH
  4. Normal flora
  5. Antimicrobial peptides
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15
Q

How does respiratory tract contribute to innate immunity?

A
  1. Filtering mechanisms in nasal passages
  2. Mucus
  3. Cilia (mucus escalator)
  4. Alveolar macrophages
  5. Antimicrobial peptides (in upper and lower respiratory tract)
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16
Q

How does GI tract contribute to innate immunity?

A
  1. Paneth cells (epithelial cells in upper GI which produce antimicrobial peptides)
  2. Lysozyme in saliva
  3. Gastric acid
  4. Commensal flora in upper GI, rumen and/or large intestine
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17
Q

Paneth cells

A

Epithelial cells in upper GI which produce antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

Classic signs of inflammation

A
  1. Tumor (swelling)
  2. Rubor (redness)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Loss of function
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19
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

20
Q

Calor

A

Heat

21
Q

Dolar

A

Pain

22
Q

Goals of inflammatory response

A
  1. Isolate, destroy and/or inactive invaders
  2. Remove debris
  3. Prepare tissue for healing and repair
23
Q

Histamine functions

A
  1. Increase local blood flow → increases delivery of inflammatory cells and mediators
  2. Increase capillary permeability to deliver inflammatory mediators to extracellular space
24
Q

Mast cells are resident in tissue and do what functions:

A
  1. Release histamine

2. Release cytokines

25
Q

Cytokines

A

Attrach other inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

26
Q

Localized edema arises from?

A
  1. Increased colloid osmotic pressure in extracellular space
  2. Increased capillary blood flow
  3. Increased capillary permeability
27
Q

How does localized edema contribute to pain?

A

Distends tissue

28
Q

What is inflammation (in a very micro sense)

A

Leaked plasma in interstitial space clots

29
Q

Locations of pattern recognition receptors

A
  1. Cell surfaces
  2. Intracellular compartments
  3. Secreted into bloodstream and tissue fluids
30
Q

Principal specific functions of pattern recognition receptors

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Activation of complement and coagulation pathways
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways
  5. Apoptosis induction
31
Q

Acute-phase proteins are produced by?

A

Liver during early stages of infection and inflammation

32
Q

Acute-phase secreted pattern recognition proteins

A
  1. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
  2. Serum amyloid protein (SAP)
  3. C-reactive protein (CRP)
33
Q

2 proteins that can function as opsonins

A
  1. CRP

2. SAP

34
Q

How do CRP and SAP function as opsonins?

A

Binding to phosphatidylcholine on bacterial cell surfaces

35
Q

In addition to acting as opsonins, CRP and SAP can also do what?

A

Initiate classical complement pathway

36
Q

What does MBL do?

A
  1. Bind to terminal mannose residues on microbial surfaces

2. Associates with complement-initiating serine protease

37
Q

Why is there a need for intracellular pattern recognition proeins?

A

Viruses and some bacterial pathogens can gain access to intracellular compartments like cytosol

38
Q

Protein kinase R (PKR) function

A

Binds to and is activated by dsRNA (produced during viral infection) → inactivates eIF2 via phosphorylation

39
Q

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP)

A

Bacterial cell wall component → binds to and activates NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)

40
Q

TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) KNOW ME

A

Recognies LPS

41
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide → component of bacterial cell walls (mainly gram-neg) which induces powerful inflammatory responses, shock and death

42
Q

TLR2 recognizes:

A
  1. Bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan
  2. Bacterial lipoproteins
  3. Some LPSs
  4. Glycophosphotidylinositol from T. cruzi
  5. Yeast cell wall zymosan
43
Q

TLR5 (KNOW THIS)

A

Recognizes flagelin

44
Q

Flagellin

A

Protein found in bacterial flagellae (on cell surface)

45
Q

TLR9

A

Recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial or viral DNA

46
Q

How do TLRs signal?

A

Via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

47
Q

MyD88

A

PAMP receptor → causes inflammation, costimulation and antimicrobial genes

Physiology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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