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Biochemistry > Regulation and Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation and Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the ___ system controls the body’s organ systems

A

nervous system

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2
Q

describe top-down oversight/control that the nervous system has over the body’s organ system

A
  • nervous system has direct or indirect control over the entire body’s organ system
  • it is metabolically demanding
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3
Q

what type of control is the autonomic nervous system?

A

direct control

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4
Q

what are the two pathways for nervous system control of organ function, and what controls these pathways?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • neuroendocrine system
  • controlled by the hypothalamus
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5
Q

the hypothalamus provides ___ organ system control

A

descending

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6
Q

describe the 2 pathways of control that the hypothalamus provides

A
  • direct
    • autonomic
    • innervation of pre-ganglionic neurons
  • indirect
    • hormonal
    • release of pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones
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7
Q

describe the 3 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
    • fight or flight
    • response to stressful or harmful stimuli
    • ACh used in pre-ganglionic signals
  • parasympathetic nervous system
    • rest and digest
    • replenishment of the body’s resources
  • enteric nervous system
    • digestive system function
    • movement of food through the gut
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8
Q

“direct innervation of organ systems to unconsciously coordinate their function” describes what nervous system?

A

autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

what 2 receptors feed back to the nucleus of the solitary tract in autonomic control of cardiac function, and what do they detect?

A
  • chemoreceptors detect blood O2/CO2 composition
  • baroreceptors detect blood pressure
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10
Q

describe sympathetic vs parasympathetic autonomic control of cardiac function

A
  • sympathetic
    • NE
    • increases heart rate and vasoconstriction
  • parasympathetic
    • cholinergic
    • decreases heart rate and vasodilation
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11
Q

what are the effects of increased vs decreased blood pressure in relation to sympathetic/parasympathetic cardiac function?

A
  • increased BP inhibits tonic sympathetic activity and activates vagal parasympathetic activity
  • decreased BP activates vagal sympathetic activity and inhibits parasympathetic activity
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12
Q

describe the enteric nervous system

A
  • governs gastrointestinal function
  • mesh-like neuronal network surrounding the gut
  • roughly 100 million neurons
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic oversight
  • can function independently of the CNS
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13
Q

what are the main organs involved in the neuroendocrine system?

A
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adipose tissue
  • adrenals
  • pancreas
  • ovaries/testes
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14
Q

what are the 3 key players of the HPA axis?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • adrenal glands

part of the neuroendocrine system

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15
Q

the neuroendocrine system responds to what?

A
  • responds to peripheral sensory information and higher brain centers
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16
Q

the neuroendocrine system is initiated by what?

A

the release of hormones and signals from the hypothalamus

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17
Q

T or F:

the neuroendocrine system provides diffuse, system wide endocrine signaling

A

true

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18
Q

describe the HPA axis

A

hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis regulates hormone release

realize that cortisol is changing the metabolism of its targets

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19
Q

describe the major HPA axis hormones and their targets

A
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20
Q

what type of hormone is insulin and glucagon?

A
  • peptide hormone
  • proteolytic processing of prohormone
  • plasma membrane receptors; second messengers
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21
Q

what type of hormone is epinephrine?

A
  • catecholamine
  • from tyrosine
  • plasma membrane receptors; second messengers
22
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A
  • hormones formed from arachidonate
  • plasma membrane recetpors; second messengers
  • ex. PGE1
  • blocked by NSAIDs
23
Q

what are the major organs that influence metabolism?

A
  • brain
  • cardiac muscle
  • lymphatic system
  • adipose tissue
  • skeletal muscle
  • small intestine
  • portal vein
  • liver
  • pancreas
24
Q

describe how the brain influences metabolism

A
  • transports ions to maintain membrane potential
  • integrates inputs from body and surroundings
  • sends signals to other organs
25
Q

describe how cardiac muscle influences metabolism

A
  • uses ATP generated aerobically to pump blood
26
Q

describe how the lymphatic system influences metabolism

A
  • carries lipids from intestine to liver
27
Q

describe how adipose tissue influences metabolism

A
  • synthesizes, stores, and mobilizes triacylglycerols
28
Q

describe how skeletal muscle influences metabolism

A

uses ATP generated aerobically or anaerobically to do mechanical work

29
Q

describe how the small intestine influences metabolism

A
  • absorbs nutrients from the diet
  • moves them into blood or lymphatic system
30
Q

describe how the portal vein influences metabolism

A

carries nutrients from intestine to liver

31
Q

describe how the liver influences metabolism

A
  • processes fats, CHOs, and proteins from the diet
  • synthesizes and distributes lipids, ketone bodies, and glucose for other tissues
  • converts excess nitrogen to urea
32
Q

describe how the pancreas influences metabolism

A

secretes insulin and glucagon in response to changes in blood glucose concentration

33
Q

describe carbohydrate liver metabolism

A
  • remember, pyruvate can be obtained from the cori cycle
34
Q

describe the roles of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in the regulation of CHO, AA, and lipid metabolism

A
  • liver
    • blood sugar
    • CHO storage (glycogen) and regulation
    • AA content
    • lipid formation and mobilization
    • first pass metabolism
  • pancreas
    • insulin release during high blood sugar
    • glucagon release during low blood sugar
    • large intestine pH buffering
    • protease release
  • gallbladder
    • bile salts release to degrade lipids
35
Q

describe amino acid liver metabolism

A
36
Q

describe the glucose-alanine cycle

A

alanine transports amine groups to the liver

37
Q

describe fatty acid liver metabolism

A
38
Q

describe how hormone signaling controls feeding

A

don’t need to know the specifics, just the main pathways and what they do

39
Q

describe how blood glucose levels directly regulate insulin release

A
40
Q

glucagon is constitutively released at ___ glucose levels

A

low

41
Q

insulin and somatostatin inhibit ___ release

A

glucagon

42
Q

reduced ___ incites glucagon release and inhibits insulin release

A

glucose

43
Q

describe glucagon’s role in response to low blood glucose

A
44
Q

describe somatostatin’s role in response to high blood glucose

A
45
Q

describe how insulin drives glucose uptake, glycogen storage, and lipid synthesis

A
46
Q

describe how glucagon drives glucose release, and amino acid and fatty acid breakdown

A
47
Q

describe fuel sources during starvation

A
48
Q

what are the normal available metabolic fuels?

A
  • triacylglycerols (adipose tissue)
  • proteins (mainly muscle)
  • glycogen (muscle, liver)
  • circulating fuels (glucose, fatty acids, triacylglycerols)
49
Q

describe the relationship between grehlin, plasma glucose, and insulin in relation to eating a meal

A
50
Q

describe what happens in the liver during starvation

A

end up having to break down musculature in order to get glucose to the brain

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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