Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards
what does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
ATP
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
in the inner membranes of mitochondria, between the intermembrane space (space between inner and outer membranes) and mitochondrial matrix
what are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation?
- reduced substrate donates electron
- electron carriers pump H+ out of the mitochondria as electrons flow to O2
- energy of electron flow is stored inside the mitochondria as electrochemical potential (more hydrogen ions out, causing a more positive charge outside the mitochondria and a more negative charge inside)
- ATP synthase uses electrochemical potential to synthesize ATP from ADP
oxidative phosphorylation contains 4 enzyme complexes along the inner membrane that function in electron transport. what are the enzymes of each complex?
I: NADH dehydrogenase
II: succinate dehydrogenase
III: ubiquitinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase; cytochrome c
IV: cytochrome oxidase
what occurs at each complex of the electron transport chain?
main points:
- complex I: 4H+ from matrix moved out, 2H+ along chain
- complex II: no H+ movement in or out
- complex III: 2H+ from matrix and 2H+ from chain moved out (4 total); cytochrome c released into intermembrane space
- complex IV: 2H+ from matrix moved out
10 total H+ moved from matrix to intermembrane space
what happens when the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space?
- ATP synthase takes those hydrogens, utilizes the electrochemical gradient formed by the movement of the H+ ions, and forms ATP from ADP
what is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
it stops the electron transport chain from happening
describe 3 electron transfer types
- direct electron transfer (Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+)
- hydrogen atom (H+ + e-)
- hydride ion (H-)
what is unique about NADH and flavoproteins?
they can carry both electrons and protons
what are 3 electron carriers?
- ubiquinone: can carry both electrons and protons; lipid soluble and membrane mobile; moves across membranes and can function as a radical
- cytochromes: types a, b, and c; classified by light absorption; c is mobile; only accepts electrons
- iron-sulfur proteins: only accepts electrons
complex I and II introduce electrons. describe how they do this.
complex I: NADH dehydrogenase
- NADH + H+ provides 2e-, which are passed along iron-sulfur centers in the complex, and are then transferred along with 2H+ to qubiquinone, which is now reduced
complex II: succinate dehydrogenase
- hydrogens are moved through the complex to produce a reduced quinone molecule
- remember this plays a role in the citric acid cycle; if this step is blocked in any way, CAC cannot continue
- fatty acids can feed into the electron transport chain to ultimately reduce quinone
describe how complex III transfers electrons to cytochrome c
the Q cycle
- reduced ubiquinone gives electrons to iron-sulfur complex
- those electrons are transferred to cytochrome c (it is now reduced and carries electrons)
- hydrogens are transported to the intermembrane space via electron energy from reduced ubiquinones
*ubiquinone free radicals are produced*
describe how complex IV transports hydrogen and reduces oxygen
- cytochrome c donates electrons and reduces oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor
- electrical force generated during oxygen reduction pumps 4 H+ from matrix into intermembrane space
what would happen if cytochrome c is not present in the electron transport chain?
- if cytochrome c is removed from this equation, oxygen cannot be produced and therefore cannot become final electron acceptor, and free cytochrome c would spill out into cytoplasmic space which would induce apoptosis
how does ATP synthase use H+ movement to create ATP?
- the movement of H+ ions puts an ADP and phosphate together to produce ATP
- takes 4 H+ ions to produce a single ATP, which is then transported out of the mitochondria via adenine nucleotide translocase (antiport transporter: ATP moves out, ADP moves in)
