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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two simplest monosaccharides?

A
  • glyceraldehyde (an aldostriose)
  • dihydroxyacetone (a ketotriose)
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2
Q

what is the classification of monosaccharides based on?

A

number of carbons:

  • triose (3)
  • tetrose (4)
  • pentose (5)
  • hexose (6)
  • heptose (7)
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3
Q

of the triose monosaccharides, which are aldoses and which are ketoses?

A
  • aldoses: glycerose/glyceraldehyde
  • ketoses: dihydroxyacetone
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4
Q

of the tetrose monosaccharides, which are aldoses and which are ketoses?

A
  • aldoses: erythrose
  • ketoses: erythrulose
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5
Q

of the pentose monosaccharides, which are aldoses and which are ketoses?

A
  • aldoses: ribose, xylose, arabinose
  • ketoses: ribulose, xylulose
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6
Q

of the hexose monosaccharides, which are aldoses and which are ketoses?

A
  • aldoses: glucose, galactose, mannose
  • ketoses: fructose
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7
Q

of the heptose monosaccharides, which are aldoses and which are ketoses?

A
  • aldoses: glucoheptose, galactoheptose
  • ketoses: pseudoheptulose
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8
Q

what is an isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different structures

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9
Q

what are constitutional isomers?

A

differ in the order of attachment of atoms

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10
Q

what are stereoisomers?

A
  • atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrantment
  • can be enantiomers or diastereoisomers
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11
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

a type of stereoisomer that has a nonsuperimposable mirror image

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12
Q

what are diastereoisomers?

A

a type of stereoisomer that are not mirror images

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13
Q

what are epimers?

A

a type of diastereoisomer that differs at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms

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14
Q

what are anomers?

A

a type of diastereoisomer that differs at a new asymmetric carbon formed on ring closure

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15
Q

what is this?

A

D-glucose, monosaccharide, an aldohexose

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16
Q

what is this?

A

D-fructose, monosaccharide, a ketohexose

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17
Q

are most CHOs in the D or L form?

A

D form

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18
Q

what are D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • aldopentoses
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19
Q

name 3 projection models of molecules

A
  • ball and stick models
  • fischer projections
  • haworth projections
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20
Q

name a D-aldotriose

A
  • D-glyceraldehyde
  • it is a monosaccharide
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21
Q

name a D-aldotetrose

A
  • D-erythrose
  • it is a monosaccharide
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22
Q

name three D-aldopentoses

A

-D-ribose -
D-arabinose
-D-xylose
-these are monosaccharides

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23
Q

name three D-aldohexoses

A
  • D-glucose
  • D-mannose
  • D-galactose
  • these are monosaccharides
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24
Q

what is this?

A
  • D-galactose
  • monosaccharide
  • D-aldohexose
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25
Q

name a D-ketotriose

A
  • dihydroxyacetone
  • this is a monosaccharide
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26
Q

name a D-ketotetrose

A
  • D-erythrulose
  • this is a monosaccharide
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27
Q

name two D-ketopentoses

A
  • D-ribulose
  • D-xylulose
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28
Q

name a D-ketohexose

A

-D-fructose

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29
Q

describe how D-mannose and D-galactose are epimers of D-glucose

A
  • D-mannose is an epimer at C-2
  • D-galactose is an epimer at C-4
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30
Q

what forms a hemiacetal and acetal?

A

aldehyde and alcohol forms a hemiacetal, and adding a second alcohol forms an acetal

31
Q

what forms a hemiketal and ketal?

A

ketone and alcohol forms a hemiketal, and adding a second alcohol forms a ketal

32
Q

does glucose form a hemiacetal or hemiketal?

A

hemiacetal

33
Q

does fructose form a hemiacetal or hemiketal?

A

hemiketal

34
Q

describe pyranose formation from D-glucose

A
  • the OH group on the 5th carbon reacts with the aldehyde group on the 1st carbon to form a ring
  • in the alpha form, the OH group on the 1st carbon points down
  • in the beta form, the OH group on the 1st carbon points up
35
Q

describe furanose and pyranose formation from D-fructose

A
  • a 5-membered ring forms furanose
  • a 6-membered ring forms pyranose
36
Q

D-glucopyranose forms chair and boat conformations. Which is more stable?

A
  • chair conformation is more stable
  • it is also more common
37
Q

what is a reducing sugar?

A
  • all monosaccharides and most disaccharides are reducing sugars
  • it is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent (aka capable of oxidizing) because it has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group
  • reducing sugars can be identified as having anomeric carbons with an OH group
38
Q

what two monosaccharides form maltose?

A
  • glucose
  • maltose is made via condensation, and it is broken down via hydrolysis
39
Q

what two monosaccharides form sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

40
Q

what two monosaccharides form lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

41
Q

what two monosaccharides for trehalose?

A
  • glucose and glucose
  • it is not a reducing sugar because both anomeric carbons are compromised (no OH group attached)
42
Q

what linkage does the polysaccharide cellulose contain, and what is the enzyme needed to break it that humans do not have?

A
  • beta 1-4 linkage
  • cellulase
  • cellulose is part of the microfibril structure of plant cell walls
43
Q

describe the structure of starch

A

amylose is linear and contains alpha 1-4 linkages for the first 50 residues, and then turns into amylopectin which has big branches of alpha 1-6 linkages

44
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

-for every 10 residues of alpha 1-4 linkages, there will be an alpha 1-6 linkage

45
Q

what is the difference between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

A
  • homopolysaccharides are composed of 2 or more of the same monomer
  • heteropolysaccharides are composed of 2 or more different monomers
46
Q

what is chitin?

A

it is a structural carbohydrate containing N-acetyl glucosamine units in beta 1-4 linkages

47
Q

what is the function of glycogen?

A

it is a storage CHO

48
Q

describe N- and O-glycosylation

A
  • forms heteropolysaccharides
  • monomers in O-glycosylation are linked to oxygen
  • monomers in N-glycosylation are linked to nitrogen
49
Q

what are the structural differences between glycoproteins and proteoglycans?

A

glycoproteins:

  • protein w/oligosaccharide chain covalently attached to polypeptide side chain
  • short, branched CHO chain; may be negatively charged

proteoglycans:

  • subclass of glycoproteins
  • core protein with 1+ covalently attached GAG chains
  • long, linear, negatively charged CHO polymer chains
50
Q

how do glycoproteins and proteoglycans differ in their categorization?

A

glycoproteins

  • N-linked or O-linked

proteoglycans

  • based on the nature of their GAG chains
51
Q

how do glycoproteins and proteoglycans differ functionally?

A

glycoproteins

  • cell-cell recognition (ex. ABO blood group antigens)

proteoglycans

  • modulation of cell growth processes or cushioning in joints
52
Q

where are glycoproteins and proteoglycans found?

A

glycoproteins

  • found on cell surfaces
  • most are integral membrane proteins

proteoglycans

  • found mainly in CT
  • contribute to the organization and physical propeties of the ECM
53
Q

what are 3 glycoconjugates and where are they found?

A
  • proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
  • they are found in the plasma membrane
54
Q

name 4 glycosaminoglycans

A
  1. hyaluronate
  2. chondroitin 4-sulfate
  3. keratan sulfate
  4. heparin - injectable anticoagulant (important in dentistry)
55
Q

what are some characteristics of glycosaminoglycans?

A
  • large polysaccharides with amines
  • high molecular weights
  • negatively charged
  • unusual structures
56
Q

describe how CHOs are informational molecules

A

the span the plasma membrane and can present things such as antigens, receptors, toxins, viruses, and bacteria

57
Q

what CHO is found in saliva?

A

mucins

58
Q

what is this?

A
  • glyceraldehyde
  • aldotriose
  • monosaccharide
59
Q

what is this?

A
  • dihydroxyacetone
  • ketotriose
  • monosaccharide
60
Q

what is this?

A
  • D-ribose
  • aldopentose
  • monosaccharide
61
Q

what is this?

A
  • D-erythrose
  • aldotetrose
  • monosaccharide
62
Q

what is this?

A
  • D-erythrulose
  • ketotetrose
  • monosaccharide
63
Q

what is this?

A
  • D-ribulose
  • ketopentose
  • monosaccharide
64
Q

what is this?

A
  • maltose
  • glucose + glucose; condensation rxn
  • disaccharide
65
Q

what is this?

A
  • lactose
  • glucose + galactose
  • disaccharide
66
Q

what is this?

A
  • sucrose
  • glucose + fructose
  • disaccharide
67
Q

stereochemistry:

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are ____.

A

constitutional isomers

68
Q

stereochemistry:

D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde are ____, which is a type of ____.

A

enantiomers; stereoisomer

69
Q

stereochemistry:

D-altrose and D-glucose are ____, which is a type of ____.

A

diastereoisomers, stereoisomer

70
Q

stereochemistry:

alpha- and beta-glucose are ____, a type of ____.

A

anomers; diastereoisomer

71
Q

stereochemistry:

D-glucose and D-mannose are ____, which are types of ____.

A

epimers, diastereoisomers

72
Q

T or F:

D and L isomers of a sugar are enantiomers

A

true

73
Q

T or F:

the position of the ketone gives ketoses one more assymetric center than their isometric aldoses

A

false:

it gives ketoses one less assymetric center than their isometric aldoses

74
Q

what is the only disaccharide that is not a reducing sugar?

A

sucrose

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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