Regions and directional terminology.

Question 1

What are the major parts of the body?

Answer 1

Head
Neck
Trunk - chest, abdomen and pelvis.

Question 2

How are the upper and lower limbs determined?

Answer 2

Upper limbs attach to the superior part of the trunk

Lower limbs attach to the inferior part of the trunk.

Question 3

Superior/ cranal movement

Answer 3

Moving towards the head

Question 4

Inferior / caudal movement

Answer 4

Move towards the feet

Question 5

Anterior / ventral movement

Answer 5

Moving forwards.

Question 6

Posterior / dorsal movement

Answer 6

Moving backwards

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

closer to the midline

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Further away from the midline.

Question 9

Proximal

Answer 9

Closer to the attachment to the trunk.

Question 10

Distal

Answer 10

Further away from the attachment to the trunk.

Question 11

superficial

Answer 11

closer to the body surface

Question 12

Deep

Answer 12

Closer to the inside centre of the body.

Question 13

Bilalteral

Answer 13

Located on both sides of the body

Question 14

Unilateral

Answer 14

Located on one side of the plane.

Question 15

Contralateral

Answer 15

On the opposite side of a plane to something else.

Question 16

The upper limb

Answer 16

consists of the shoulder, arm, elbow joint, forearm and hand.

Question 17

The lower limb

Answer 17

Consists of the buttock, thigh, knee joint, leg, ankle and foot.

Question 18

What type of movement occurs along the sagittal plane?

Answer 18

Extension, hypertension and flexion

Question 19

What type of movement is a flexion?

Answer 19

Decreases the angle between a proximal and distal body part.

Occurs in the sagittal plane

Question 20

What type of movement is an extension?

Answer 20

Increases the angle between a proximal and distal body part.

Question 21

What type of movement is a hypertension?

Answer 21

A movement outside the normal degree of flexibility, often results in injury.

Question 22

What type of movement occurs in the frontal plane?

Answer 22

Abduction
Adduction A D duction
inversion
eversion

Question 23

What is abduction?

Answer 23

Movement away from the midline.

Occurs in the frontal plane

Question 24

What is Adduction?

Answer 24

Movement towards the midline.

Occurs in the frontal plane

Question 25

How can the plane of movement be determined?

Answer 25

Movement is parallel to the plane it is in.

Question 26

Shoulder flexion and extension

Answer 26

Shoulder flexion is arms up straight | Should extension is arms down by the side.

Question 27

Hip flexion v extension

Answer 27

Hip flexion is moving the leg anteriorly | Hip extension is moving the leg posterior.

Question 28

What movements occur in the transverse plane?

Answer 28

Medial rotation Lateral rotation. Supination Pronation

Question 29

Key points of medial rotation

Answer 29

Only occurs in ball and socket joints such as hips and shoulders. Rotates the whole limb towards the midline.

Question 30

Key points of lateral rotation

Answer 30

Only occurs in ball and socket joints | Rotates the whole limb laterally (away from the midline).

Question 31

What is supination?

Answer 31

Rotates the forearm/hand or foot away from the midline along the transverse plane. Centre of rotation looks like the elbow in the forearm.

Question 32

What is pronation?

Answer 32

Rotates the forearm/hand or foot inwards towards the midline in the transverse plane.

Question 33

What is the difference between supination/pronation in the forearm compared to the foot?

Answer 33

The degree of rotation in the foot is much smaller.

Question 34

What is circumduction?

Answer 34

Takes place at joints that are able to move in two planes often sagittal and frontal to create a circular motion.

Question 35

What joints does circumduction occur?

Answer 35

``` Shoulder Hip Wrist metacarpophalangeal metatarsophalangeal joints. ```

Question 36

What is dorsifelxion?

Answer 36

Occurs in the ankle joint. Named after the dorsal part of the foot (the top part) Points the toe superiorly towards the dorsal. SImilar to flexion as reduces the angle between the proximal and distal part of the foot.

Question 37

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 37

Occurs in the ankle joints. | Moves the foot so it points inferiorly towards the sole.

Question 38

What is inversion?

Answer 38

Rotates the sole of the foot towards the medline.

Question 39

What is eversion?

Answer 39

Rotates the sole of the foot away from the midline.

Question 40

What is ipsilateral?

Answer 40

Located on the same side of a plane (comparative).